Sharon Lipperman-Kreda1, Joel W Grube1, Karen B Friend2, Christina Mair1,3. 1. Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA, USA. 2. Decision Sciences Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Pawtucket, RI, USA. 3. University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Abstract
AIMS: To estimate the relationships of tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and local enforcement of underage tobacco laws with youth's life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability of tobacco and perceived enforcement of underage tobacco laws and changes over time. DESIGN: The study involved: (a) three annual telephone surveys, (b) two annual purchase surveys in 2000 tobacco outlets and (c) interviews with key informants from local law enforcement agencies. Analyses were multi-level models (city, individual, time). SETTING: A sample of 50 mid-sized non-contiguous cities in California, USA. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1478 youths (aged 13-16 at wave 1, 52.2% male); 1061 participated in all waves. MEASUREMENTS: Measures at the individual level included life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability and perceived enforcement. City-level measures included tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and compliance checks. FINDINGS: Outlet density was associated positively with life-time smoking [OR = 1.12, P < 0.01]. An interaction between outlet density and wave (OR = 0.96, P < 0.05) suggested that higher density was associated more closely with life-time smoking at the earlier waves when respondents were younger. Greater density was associated positively with perceived availability (β = 0.02, P < 0.05) and negatively with perceived enforcement (β = -0.02, P < 0.01). Sales rate without checking IDs was related to greater perceived availability (β = 0.01, P < 0.01) and less perceived enforcement (β = -0.01, P < 0.01). Enforcement of underage tobacco laws was related positively to perceived enforcement (β = 0.06, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher tobacco outlet density may contribute to life-time smoking among youths. Density, sales without ID checks and enforcement levels may influence beliefs about access to cigarettes and enforcement of underage tobacco sales laws.
AIMS: To estimate the relationships of tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and local enforcement of underage tobacco laws with youth's life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability of tobacco and perceived enforcement of underage tobacco laws and changes over time. DESIGN: The study involved: (a) three annual telephone surveys, (b) two annual purchase surveys in 2000 tobacco outlets and (c) interviews with key informants from local law enforcement agencies. Analyses were multi-level models (city, individual, time). SETTING: A sample of 50 mid-sized non-contiguous cities in California, USA. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1478 youths (aged 13-16 at wave 1, 52.2% male); 1061 participated in all waves. MEASUREMENTS: Measures at the individual level included life-time cigarette smoking, perceived availability and perceived enforcement. City-level measures included tobacco outlet density, cigarette sales without ID checks and compliance checks. FINDINGS: Outlet density was associated positively with life-time smoking [OR = 1.12, P < 0.01]. An interaction between outlet density and wave (OR = 0.96, P < 0.05) suggested that higher density was associated more closely with life-time smoking at the earlier waves when respondents were younger. Greater density was associated positively with perceived availability (β = 0.02, P < 0.05) and negatively with perceived enforcement (β = -0.02, P < 0.01). Sales rate without checking IDs was related to greater perceived availability (β = 0.01, P < 0.01) and less perceived enforcement (β = -0.01, P < 0.01). Enforcement of underage tobacco laws was related positively to perceived enforcement (β = 0.06, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher tobacco outlet density may contribute to life-time smoking among youths. Density, sales without ID checks and enforcement levels may influence beliefs about access to cigarettes and enforcement of underage tobacco sales laws.
Authors: Lisa Henriksen; Ellen C Feighery; Nina C Schleicher; David W Cowling; Randolph S Kline; Stephen P Fortmann Journal: Prev Med Date: 2008-04-29 Impact factor: 4.018
Authors: William J McCarthy; Ritesh Mistry; Yao Lu; Minal Patel; Hong Zheng; Barbara Dietsch Journal: Am J Public Health Date: 2009-11 Impact factor: 9.308
Authors: Stephen E Lankenau; Loni Philip Tabb; Avat Kioumarsi; Janna Ataiants; Ellen Iverson; Carolyn F Wong Journal: Subst Use Misuse Date: 2019-06-03 Impact factor: 2.164
Authors: Laura J Finan; Sharon Lipperman-Kreda; Melissa Abadi; Joel W Grube; Emily Kaner; Anna Balassone; Andrew Gaidus Journal: Tob Control Date: 2018-03-08 Impact factor: 7.552
Authors: Sharon Lipperman-Kreda; Laura J Finan; Sarah D Kowitt; Joel W Grube; Melissa Abadi; Anna Balassone; Emily Kaner Journal: Addiction Date: 2020-03-07 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Georgiana Bostean; Catherine M Crespi; Patsornkarn Vorapharuek; William J McCarthy Journal: Health Place Date: 2016-10-19 Impact factor: 4.078
Authors: Lisa Henriksen; Nina C Schleicher; Trent O Johnson; Elizabeth Andersen-Rodgers; Xueying Zhang; Rebecca Williams Journal: Tob Regul Sci Date: 2019-11
Authors: Claude M Setodji; Steven C Martino; Min Gong; Michael S Dunbar; Daniela Kusuke; Angela Sicker; William G Shadel Journal: Health Psychol Date: 2017-11-20 Impact factor: 4.267
Authors: Louise Marsh; Pavla Vaneckova; Lindsay Robertson; Trent O Johnson; Crile Doscher; Ilana G Raskind; Nina C Schleicher; Lisa Henriksen Journal: Health Place Date: 2020-03-05 Impact factor: 4.078