A Herane Vives1, V De Angel2, A Papadopoulos3, R Strawbridge4, T Wise4, A H Young4, D Arnone4, A J Cleare3. 1. King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, UK; Unidad de Trastornos del Ánimo, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Chile. Electronic address: andres.herane@kcl.ac.uk. 2. Unidad de Trastornos del Ánimo, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Chile. 3. King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, UK; Affective Disorders Unit and Laboratory, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. 4. King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stress is an established important contributor to the development of mental illness and stress related disorders. The biology implicated in the homeostasis of pathological stress mechanisms is not fully established. One of the difficulties with current techniques is the limitation in capturing chronic levels of cortisol as an expression of stress levels in humans. Hair samples can be used to evaluate cortisol levels averaged over relatively long periods of time, therefore providing a more valid measure of chronic levels of this hormone. A highly replicable technique to measure long-term cortisol could prove pivotal in improving our understanding of the role of stress in psychiatric disorders. METHODS: This review synthesises all the published studies relating hair cortisol concentration (HCC) to stress and to psychiatric disorders. It describes and summarises their findings with the aim of providing a summary picture of the current state of this line of research. RESULTS: The strongest finding to date is the replicable increases in hair cortisol associated with stressful life events. Findings in psychiatric disorders are more sparse and inconsistent. There is some support for the presence of raised HCC in major depressive disorders, and for lowered HCC in posttraumatic stress disorder, suggesting chronic hypercortisolaemia and hypocortisolaemia respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HCC is a promising methodology to study chronic cortisol levels with the potential to help characterise psychiatric and stress related disorders. The combination of chronic and acute cortisol measurements has the potential for more accurately determining different aspects of the stress response, and ultimately for the development of a biological marker to aid diagnosis and response to treatment.
BACKGROUND: Stress is an established important contributor to the development of mental illness and stress related disorders. The biology implicated in the homeostasis of pathological stress mechanisms is not fully established. One of the difficulties with current techniques is the limitation in capturing chronic levels of cortisol as an expression of stress levels in humans. Hair samples can be used to evaluate cortisol levels averaged over relatively long periods of time, therefore providing a more valid measure of chronic levels of this hormone. A highly replicable technique to measure long-term cortisol could prove pivotal in improving our understanding of the role of stress in psychiatric disorders. METHODS: This review synthesises all the published studies relating hair cortisol concentration (HCC) to stress and to psychiatric disorders. It describes and summarises their findings with the aim of providing a summary picture of the current state of this line of research. RESULTS: The strongest finding to date is the replicable increases in hair cortisol associated with stressful life events. Findings in psychiatric disorders are more sparse and inconsistent. There is some support for the presence of raised HCC in major depressive disorders, and for lowered HCC in posttraumatic stress disorder, suggesting chronic hypercortisolaemia and hypocortisolaemia respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HCC is a promising methodology to study chronic cortisol levels with the potential to help characterise psychiatric and stress related disorders. The combination of chronic and acute cortisol measurements has the potential for more accurately determining different aspects of the stress response, and ultimately for the development of a biological marker to aid diagnosis and response to treatment.
Authors: Aaron Hodes; Maya B Lodish; Amit Tirosh; Jerrold Meyer; Elena Belyavskaya; Charalampos Lyssikatos; Kendra Rosenberg; Andrew Demidowich; Jeremy Swan; Nichole Jonas; Constantine A Stratakis; Mihail Zilbermint Journal: Endocrine Date: 2017-02-13 Impact factor: 3.633
Authors: Ellen Wikenius; Vibeke Moe; Marian Kjellevold; Lars Smith; Robert Lyle; Rune Waagbø; Christian Magnus Page; Anne Margrethe Myhre Journal: PLoS One Date: 2016-09-01 Impact factor: 3.240