Scaphoid fracture non-union: a systematic review of surgical treatment using bone graft.

UNLABELLED: This systematic review assesses the quality and outcomes of published articles concerning bone graft surgery for scaphoid fracture non-union. Searches of the CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and AMED databases captured 2710 articles. Each article was screened and 144 met our inclusion criteria. Data regarding source, study design, population, intervention, comparator and outcomes were extracted. There were 5464 scaphoid non-union outcomes within the 144 studies. Mean reported union rates for vascularized and non-vascularized bone graft were 84% and 80%, respectively. Avascular necrosis was diagnosed in several ways and, when present, the vascularized bone graft union rate was 74% compared with 62% with non-vascularized bone graft. Reported union rates vary considerably. These differences may be due to patient factors, fracture factors, treatment factors or study design failures or bias. We recommend that future researchers take into account the deficiencies of previous studies and use the suggested minimum data set in future studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.