| Literature DB >> 26398758 |
Carlos Eduardo Cintra Vita Abreu1, Paula Pratti Rodrigues Ferreira1, Fabio Ynoe de Moraes1, Wellington Furtado Pimenta Neves1, Rafael Gadia2, Heloisa de Andrade Carvalho1.
Abstract
For early-stage lung cancer, the treatment of choice is surgery. In patients who are not surgical candidates or are unwilling to undergo surgery, radiotherapy is the principal treatment option. Here, we review stereotactic body radiotherapy, a technique that has produced quite promising results in such patients and should be the treatment of choice, if available. We also present the major indications, technical aspects, results, and special situations related to the technique.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26398758 PMCID: PMC4635958 DOI: 10.1590/S1806-37132015000000034
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Bras Pneumol ISSN: 1806-3713 Impact factor: 2.624
Figure 1Description of the steps involved in stereotactic body radiation therapy. IGRT: image-guided radiotherapy.
Studies reporting clinical outcomes in patients with central or peripheral lung lesions treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy.
| Study | Number of patients | Dose | Central or peripheral lesion | Local control | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onishi et al. | 257 | 1-14 fractions (30-84 Gy) | both | 84% (5 years) BED ≥ 100 Gy | ≥ grade 3: pulmonary complications, in 5.4%; esophageal complications, in 1.0%; dermatitis, in 1.2% |
| Nagata et al. | 104 | 4 × 12 Gy | both | 3-year progression-free survival, 69% | grade 3: dyspnea, in 9%; pneumonitis, in 7%; intercostal pain, in 2%; cough, in 1% grade 4: dyspnea, in 1% |
| Baumann et al. | 57 | 3 × 15 Gy | peripheral | 92% (3 years) | grade 3: 28% grade 4: 1.7% |
| Senthi et al. | 676 | 3-8 fractions (54-60 Gy) | both | 89% (5 years) | - |
| Timmerman et al. | 70 | 3 × 20-22 Gy | both | 95% (2 years) | pneumonitis, in 6%; rib fractures, in 3% |
| Brown et al. | 59 | 1-5 fractions (15.0-67.5 Gy) | both | disease-free survival, 90% | grade 3: pneumonitis, in 7% |
| Van der Voort et al. | 70 | 3 × 12-15 Gy | peripheral | 96% (2 years if dose was = 60 Gy) | late toxicity, in 10% |
BED: biological equivalent dose.
Figure 2Definition of central zone: region within a radius of 2 cm around the proximal bronchial tree (within the dashed line). Adapted from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.16
Clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy in central lesions.
| Study | Number of patients | Tumor | Dose | Local control | Survival |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haasbeek et al. | 63 | NSCLC (T1-3N0M0) | 60 Gy (8 fxs) | 92.6% (5 years) | DFS: 71% OS: 49.5% (5 years) |
| Nuyttens et al. | 56 | NSCLC: 69.6%; metastatic NSCLC: 30.4% | 45-60 Gy (5 fxs); 48 Gy (6 fxs) | 76% (2 years) | CSS: 80% (3 years) OS: 60% (2 years) |
| Rowe et al. | 47 | NSCLC: 59%; metastatic NSCLC: 41% | 50 Gy (4 fxs)a | 2 local failures | PFS: 24% (2 years) |
| Oshiro et al. | 21 | recurrent or metastatic NSCLC: 95% | 25-39 Gy (1-10 fxs) | 60% (2 years) | OS: 62.2% (2 years) |
| Unger et al. | 20 | metastatic NSCLC: 85%; hilar/main bronchial lesions | 30-40 Gy (5 fxs) | 63% (1 year) | OS: 54% (1 year) |
| Milano et al. | 53 | NSCLC: 66%; metastatic NSCLC: 37% | 20-55 Gy (1-18 fxs) | 73% (2 years) | OS: 44% (2 years); T1-2: 72% |
| Chang et al. | 27 | T1-2 NSCLC: 48%; recurrent NSCLC: 52% | 40-50 Gy (5 fxs) | 3 failures (40 Gy) | - |
NSCLC: non-small cell lung carcinoma; fxs: fractions; DFS: disease-free survival; OS: overall survival; CSS: cancer-specific survival; and PFS: progression-free survival. aIn 57% of cases.
Toxicity of stereotactic body radiation therapy for central lesions, in absolute numbers of patients.
| Study | Deaths | Grade 3 toxicitya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute | Late | ||
| Haasbeek et al. | cardiac death: 1; respiratory failure: 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Nuyttens et al. | - | 4 | 6 |
| Rowe et al. | bronchial necrosis: 1 | 4 | |
| Oshiro et al. | hemoptysis: 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Unger et al. | bronchial fistula: 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Milano et al. | bronchial/tracheal lesion: 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Chang et al. | - | 1 | |
Chest wall pain, dyspnea, rib fracture, pneumonitis, or chronic cough.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy regimens used in the treatment of central lesions in studies showing no grade 3 or 4 toxicity.
| Study | Number of lesions/Number of patients | Dose |
|---|---|---|
| Xia et al. | 9/43 | 50 Gy/10 fxs |
| Guckenberger et al. | 22/159 | 48 Gy/8 fxs 26.0-37.5 Gy/1-3 fxs |
| Baba et al. | 29/124 | 44-52 Gy/4 fxs |
| Olsen et al. | 19/130 | 45-50 Gy/5 fxs 54 Gy/3 fxs |
| Takeda et al. | 33/232 | 50 Gy/5 fxs |
| Stephans et al. | 7/94 | 50 Gy/5 fxs 60 Gy/3 fxs |
| Janssen et al. | 29/65 | 40-48 Gy/8 fxs 37.5 Gy/3 fxs |
| fxs: fractions. |
Figura 1Processo do tratamento com stereotactic body radiation therapy e os principais aspectos de cada etapa. IGRT: image-guided radiotherapy. Adaptada de Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.16
Séries reportando resultados clínicos em lesões pulmonares periféricas tratadas com stereotactic body radiation therapy.
| Estudo | Número de pacientes | Dose | Lesão central ou periférica | Controle local | Complicações |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onishi et al. | 257 | 1-14 frações (30-84 Gy) | Ambas | 84% (5 anos) BED ≥ 100 Gy | ≥ grau 3: 5,4% pulmonar; 1,0% esofágica; 1,2% dermatite |
| Nagata et al. | 104 | 4 × 12 Gy | Ambas | 69% sobrevida livre de progressão em 3 anos | Grau 3: 9% dispneia; 7% pneumonite; 2% dor intercostal; 1% tosse Grau 4: 1% dispneia |
| Baumann et al. | 57 | 3 × 15 Gy | Periférica | 92% (3 anos) | Grau 3: 28%; e grau 4: 1,7% |
| Senthi et al. | 676 | 3-8 frações (54-60 Gy) | Ambas | 89% (5 anos) | - |
| Timmerman et al. | 70 | 3 × 20-22 Gy | Ambas | 95% (2 anos) | 6% pneumonite; 3% de fratura de costela |
| Brown et al. | 59 | 1-5 frações (15,0-67,5 Gy) | Ambas | 90% de sobrevida livre de doença | Grau 3: 7% pneumonite |
| Van der Voort et al. | 70 | 3 × 12-15 Gy | Periférica | 96% (2 anos se 60 Gy) | 10% toxicidade tardia |
Figura 2Definição de zona central: região dentro de um raio de 2 cm (interna à linha pontilhada) ao redor da árvore brônquica principal. Adaptada de Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. 16
Resultados clínicos do uso de stereotactic body radiation therapy em lesões centrais.
| Estudo | Número de pacientes | Tumor | Dose | Controle local | Sobrevida |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Haasbeek et al. | 63 | CPCNP (T1-3N0M0) | 60 Gy (8 fx) | 92,6% (5 anos) | SLD: 71%; SG: 49,5% (5 anos) |
| Nuyttens et al. | 56 | CPCNP: 69,6%; metastático: 30,4% | 45-60 Gy (5 fx); 48 Gy (6 fx) | 76% (2 anos) | SCE: 80% (3 anos); SG: 60% (2 anos) |
| Rowe et al. | 47 | CPCNP: 59%; metastático: 41% | 50 Gy (4 fx)a | 2 falhas locais | SLP: 24% (2 anos) |
| Oshiro et al. | 21 | CPCNP recorrente ou metastático: 95% | 25-39 Gy (1-10 fx) | 60% (2 anos) | SG: 62,2% (2anos) |
| Unger et al. | 20 | CPCNP metastático: 85%; lesões hilares/brônquio principal | 30-40 Gy (5 fx) | 63% (1 ano) | SG: 54% (1 ano) |
| Milano et al. | 53 | CPCNP: 66%; Metastático: 37% | 20-55 Gy (1-18 fx) | 73% (2 anos) | SG: 44% (2 anos); T1-2: 72% |
| Chang et al. | 27 | CPCNP T1-2: 48%; e recorrente: 52% | 40-50 Gy (5 fx) | 3 falhas (40 Gy) | - |
CPCNP: carcinoma de pulmão de células não pequenas; fx: frações; SLD: sobrevida livre de doença; SG: sobreviva global; SCE: sobrevida câncer específica; SLP: sobrevida livre de progressão. aEm 57% dos casos.
Toxicidade relacionada à stereotactic body radiation therapy em lesões centrais em números absolutos de pacientes.
| Estudo | Óbitos | Toxicidade grau 3a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aguda | Tardia | ||
| Haasbeek et al. | Cardíaco: 1; falência respiratória: 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Nuyttens et al. | - | 4 | 6 |
| Rowe et al. | Necrose brônquio: 1 | 4 | |
| Oshiro et al. | Hemoptise: 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Unger et al. | Fístula brônquica: 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Milano et al. | Lesão brônquio/traqueia: 4 | 0 | 1 |
| Chang et al. | - | 1 | |
Parede torácica; dispneia; fratura de costela; pneumonite; ou tosse crônica.
Esquemas de stereotactic body radiation therapy utilizados no tratamento de lesões centrais em estudos que não apresentaram toxicidade grau 3 ou 4.
| Estudo | Número de lesões/Número de pacientes | Dose |
|---|---|---|
| Xia et al. | 9/43 | 50 Gy/10 fx |
| Guckenberger et al. | 22/159 | 48 Gy/8 fx; 26,0-37,5 Gy/1-3 fx |
| Baba et al. | 29/124 | 44-52 Gy/4 fx |
| Olsen et al. | 19/130 | 45-50 Gy/5 fx; 54 Gy/3 fx |
| Takeda et al. | 33/232 | 50 Gy/5 fx |
| Stephans et al. | 7/94 | 50 Gy/5 fx; 60 Gy/3 fx |
| Janssen et al. | 29/65 | 40-48 Gy/8 fx; 37,5 Gy/3 fx |