The first report of Cryptosporidium andersoni in horses with diarrhea and multilocus subtype analysis.

BACKGROUND: Horses interact with humans in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities. Cryptosporidium spp are one of the most important zoonotic pathogens causing diarrhea of humans and animals. The reports of Cryptosporidium in horses and the findings of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species/genotypes show a necessity to carry out molecular identification of Cryptosporidium in horses, especially in diarrheic ones. The aim of the present study was to understand Cryptosporidium infection and species/genotypes in diarrheic horses, and to trace the source of infection of horse-derived Cryptosporidium isolates at a subtype level.
FINDINGS: Fecal specimens of 29 diarrheic adult horses were collected in Taikang County in northeastern China's Heilongjiang Province. Cryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated by Sheather's sugar flotation technique, and then examined by a bright-field microscope. Meanwhile, all the specimens were subjected to PCR amplification of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium. C. andersoni isolates were further subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the four microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16). One and two Cryptosporidium-positive isolates were obtained in horses by microscopy and by PCR, respectively. The two C. andersoni isolates were identified by sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium. Both of them were identical to each other at the MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16 loci, and MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 was found here.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of C. andersoni in horses. The fact that the MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 was reported in cattle suggests a large possibility of transmission of C. andersoni between cattle and horses.

Findings

Background

Cryptosporidium spp. is a common zoonotic enteric pathogen responsible for diarrheal diseases in humans and a variety of animals worldwide. The diarrhea caused by cryptosporidiosis varies depending on the health status of the infected hosts. In people with various immune-system deficiencies, Cryptosporidium infection may continue and become life-threatening. Many studies have confirmed the high mortality associated with Cryptosporidium infection in HIV-infected patients [1]. Current PCR-based molecular techniques have made it possible to identify morphologically indistinguishable species/genotypes and subtypes, and give a more precise definition of host specificity, zoonotic potential, and transmission pathways of Cryptosporidium spp.. To date, at least 27 Cryptosporidium species and more than 40 genotypes have been recognized, with new genotypes being found [2, 3]. Most of them are host-adapted and have a narrow host range, such as C. canis, C. felis, C. muris, C. andersoni and C. suis mainly in dogs, cats, rodents, cattle and pigs, respectively; in contrast, some species/genotypes, most notably C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, have a broader host range [2]. At present, due to the absence of effective vaccine and the lack of prophylactic and therapeutic drugs for cryptosporidiosis, understanding the molecular epidemiology and transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium is an important step in controlling Cryptosporidium infection in humans and in avoiding outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis.

Horses are common animals worldwide, and can be used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The findings of zoonotic pathogens in horses have highlighted that horse health is not only a veterinarian issue, but also a public health issue. Horse cryptosporidiosis was initially described in immunodeficient Arabian foals with severe diarrhea [4]. This disease has also been reported in immunocompetent horses [5, 6]. However, epidemiological data of cryptosporidiosis, especially molecular data, are still scarcer in horses. In China, limited reports of horse cryptosporidiosis are currently available [7, 8]. In the present study, two C. andersoni isolates were identified in adult horses with diarrhea by PCR amplification and sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium. Both of them were further subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the four microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16). The infection source of horse-derived C. andersoni was evaluated based on subtyping results.

Methods

Ethics statement

The present study was carried out strictly in accordance with the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Ministry of Health, China. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethical Committee of Harbin Medical University. Before beginning the present study, we contacted the owners or managers of these animals and obtained their permissions to have their animals involved. No specific permissions were required for the described field studies due to the fact that the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species. During collection of fecal specimens, no animals were harmed.

Collection of fecal specimens

29 diarrheic adult horses (aged 2.5 to 7 years) were selected from individual owners and all of them shared the same grassland locating in Taikang County of northeastern China’s Heilongjiang Province. One fecal specimen (10–15 g) of each animal was collected from the ground immediately after defecation by using a sterile disposable latex glove and was then placed into an individual sterile plastic container. All the specimens were transported to the laboratory within 24 h and stored in refrigerators at 4 °C. The selected animals here had no previous history of horse parasitization.

Specimen processing and detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts

To reduce interference resulting from crude fiber and impurities in horse manure in detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, each fecal specimen was homogenized with distilled water, filtered with a sieve and centrifuged at 1500 g for 10 min. Approximately 2 g of each sediment was used to concentrate Cryptosporidium oocysts by Sheather’s sugar flotation technique and the concentrates were detected for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts by bright-field microscopy under × 400 and × 1000. The remaining sediment was stored in 2.5 % potassium dichromate at 4 °C prior to being used in molecular identification.

DNA extraction

Potassium dichromate was washed off with distilled water by centrifugation at 1500 g for 10 min four times at room temperature. Genomic DNA of Cryptosporidium was extracted from 200 mg of each of 29 stored fecal specimens using a commercially available kit (QIAamp DNA Mini Stool Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer-recommended procedures. Eluted DNA (200 μl) was kept frozen at −20 °C until its analysis with PCR.

Identification of Cryptosporidium spp./genotypes

An approximate 830 bp fragment of the SSU rRNA gene was amplified from all DNA preparations by a nested PCR using genus-specific primers of Cryptosporidium as previously described [9]. All the secondary PCR products positive for Cryptosporidium were sequenced and identified to Cryptosporidium species/genotypes.

MLST subtype of C. andersoni

Subtyping analysis for C. andersoni isolates were determined by amplifying the four minisatellite/microsatellite markers by nested PCRs, respectively, including MS1 coding for hypothetical protein, MS2 coding for 90 kDa heat shock protein, MS3 coding for hypothetical protein, and MS16 coding for leucine rich repeat family protein. The expected fragment lengths were approximately 550 bp, 450 bp, 530 bp and 590 bp, respectively, and primers and amplification conditions in PCR analysis were performed as described previously [10]. The secondary PCR products of each gene amplified were sequenced using the respective secondary primers.

Nucleotide sequence analysis

All positive secondary PCR products were directly sequenced with secondary PCR primers on an ABI PRISMTM 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA), using a BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). Accuracy of the sequencing data was confirmed by two-directional sequencing and a new PCR product if necessary. All the gene sequences obtained in the present study were aligned with each other and reference sequences obtained from GenBank by the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) and Clustal X 1.83 (http://www.clustal.org/). C. andersoni subtypes were named according to the numbers in microsatellite/minisatellite repeats or/and nucleotide diversity in non-repeat regions at each locus [11].

Results and discussion

Molecular data have confirmed the presence of eight Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in horses, including C. parvum, horse genotype, C. erinacei (previously described as hedgehog genotype), C. muris, C. hominis, C. tyzzeri, C. felis and C. ubiquitum [5–8, 12–24] (Table 1). In the present study, one and two positives of 29 fecal specimens were detected by microscopy after Sheather’s sugar flotation technique and by PCR amplification of the partial SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium, respectively. The two Cryptosporidium isolates were both identified as C. andersoni by DNA sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. andersoni in horses.

Table 1

Cryptosporidium species/genotypes of natural infection identified in horses worldwide

Country	No. of isolates	Cryptosporidium species/genotypes (n)	Ref
Algeria	9	C. parvum (3); C. erinacei (4); C. muris (1); C. hominis (1)	[12, 13]
China	42	C. parvum (31); horse genotype (7); C. felis (2); C. andersoni (2)	[7, 8]; This study
Czech Republic	15	C. parvum (5); horse genotype(2); C. muris (7); C. tyzzeri (1)	[14–16]
Germany	1	C. parvum (1)	[7]
Italya	72	C. parvum (31); horse genotype (41)	[18–21]
New Zealand	16	C. parvum (16)	[5, 6]
Poland	2	C. muris (2)	[16]
UK	3	C. parvum (2); C. ubiquitum (1)	[22, 23]
USA	9	horse genotype (9)	[24]
Total	169	C. parvum (89); horse genotype (59); C. muris (10); C. erinacei (4); C. felis (2); C. andersoni (2); C. hominis (1); C. tyzzeri (1); C. ubiquitum (1)

aThere are nine cases of mixed infection of C. parvum and horse genotype in Italy

C. andersoni is the predominant species responsible for bovine cryptosporidiosis and is mostly identified in asymptomatic juvenile and mature cattle. To elucidate the source attribution of infection/contamination of C. andersoni in horses, the two C. andersoni isolates were amplified by nested PCRs at the four minisatellite/microsatellite loci, MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16. Both of them were identified as haplotypes A4, A4, A4, and A1 at the four loci, respectively. This MLST subtype has been reported to be the most common in dairy and beef cattle in Heilongjiang Province, in China [11]. The consistency of MLST subtype of C. andersoni isolates from horses and cattle suggested C. andersoni had a large possibility of circulation between cattle and horses. In the investigated area, cattle are one of main economic animals, and horses and other herbivorous animals, such as sheep and goats, often share the same pasture with large populations of cattle. This provides a feasible opportunity to transmit C. andersoni oocysts from cattle to horses, sheep and goats through contamination of the environment by animal feces. Indeed, MLST subtype A2,A4,A2,A1 of C. andersoni was identified in cattle and sheep in the same area [25]. Recently, MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 of C. andersoni was found in another herbivorous animal, Bactrian camel in China [26]. Combined with the findings above, C. andersoni was inferred to possibly transmit from cattle to other herbivorous animals. Therefore, it is important to take measures to reduce/control occurrence of transmission of C. andersoni between these herbivorous animals via harmless disposal of animal manure while eliminating parasites.

Conclusion

This is the first report of C. andersoni in horses, expanding the host range of C. andersoni and increasing the number of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes. Identification of MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 of horse-derived C. andersoni suggests a possible transmission of C. andersoni between cattle and horses.