Combining glucose monitoring and insulin delivery into a single device: current progress and ongoing challenges of the artificial pancreas.

Despite the widespread availability of insulin pumps, continuous glucose sensors, and insulin analogs with rapid-acting pharmacokinetic profiles, most people with type 1 diabetes fail to meet recommended glycemic targets, rates of severe hypoglycemia remain unacceptably high, and the burden of care on patients and loved ones exacts an enormous psychosocial toll. The combination of continuous glucose monitoring with insulin delivery into an integrated automated system promises to improve diabetes control while at the same time reduce the burden of care. A wide variety of automated insulin delivery systems, ranging in scope from simple pump suspension to reduce hypoglycemia, to complex multiple hormone systems under separate regulation and delivery, have been studied in both controlled inpatient settings and more free-ranging outpatient environments. Preliminary findings have been positive, with most studies demonstrating reduction in overall glucose levels, increased time-in-target range, and reductions in exposure to hypoglycemia. As these systems move closer to commercialization, the focus of ongoing efforts will need to address the continuing challenges of sensor accuracy and reliability, connectivity issues, and human factors considerations.