Suzanne Medema1, Roel J T Mocking2, Maarten W J Koeter2, Frédéric M Vaz3, Carin Meijer8, Lieuwe de Haan2, Nico J M van Beveren4, René Kahn5, Lieuwe de Haan2, Jim van Os6, Durk Wiersma7, Richard Bruggeman7, Wiepke Cahn5, Carin Meijer8, Inez Myin-Germeys6. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2. Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 3. Laboratory of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 4. Department of Psychiatry, Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; nico.van.beveren@deltapsy.nl. 5. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, The Netherlands; 6. Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; 7. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Psychiatry, Antes Center for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Two recent meta-analyses showed decreased red blood cell (RBC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) in schizophrenia and related disorders. However, both these meta-analyses report considerable heterogeneity, probably related to differences in patient samples between studies. Here, we investigated whether variations in RBC FA are associated with psychosis, and thus may be an intermediate phenotype of the disorder. METHODS: For the present study, a total of 215 patients (87% outpatients), 187 siblings, and 98 controls were investigated for multiple FA analyses. Based on previous studies, we investigated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid (LA), nervonic acid (NA), and eicasopentaenoic acid (EPA). On an exploratory basis, a large number of additional FA were investigated. Multilevel mixed models were used to compare the FA between the 3 groups. RESULTS: Compared to controls, both patients and siblings showed significantly increased DHA, DPA, AA, and NA. LA was significantly higher in siblings compared to controls. EPA was not significantly different between the 3 groups. Also the exploratory FA were increased in patients and siblings. CONCLUSIONS: We found increased RBC FA DHA, DPA, AA, and NA in patients and siblings compared to controls. The direction of change is similar in both patients and siblings, which may suggest a shared environment and/or an intermediate phenotype. Differences between patient samples reflecting stage of disorder, dietary patterns, medication use, and drug abuse are possible modifiers of FA, contributing to the heterogeneity in findings concerning FA in schizophrenia patients.
BACKGROUND: Two recent meta-analyses showed decreased red blood cell (RBC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) in schizophrenia and related disorders. However, both these meta-analyses report considerable heterogeneity, probably related to differences in patient samples between studies. Here, we investigated whether variations in RBC FA are associated with psychosis, and thus may be an intermediate phenotype of the disorder. METHODS: For the present study, a total of 215 patients (87% outpatients), 187 siblings, and 98 controls were investigated for multiple FA analyses. Based on previous studies, we investigated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (AA), linoleic acid (LA), nervonic acid (NA), and eicasopentaenoic acid (EPA). On an exploratory basis, a large number of additional FA were investigated. Multilevel mixed models were used to compare the FA between the 3 groups. RESULTS: Compared to controls, both patients and siblings showed significantly increased DHA, DPA, AA, and NA. LA was significantly higher in siblings compared to controls. EPA was not significantly different between the 3 groups. Also the exploratory FA were increased in patients and siblings. CONCLUSIONS: We found increased RBC FA DHA, DPA, AA, and NA in patients and siblings compared to controls. The direction of change is similar in both patients and siblings, which may suggest a shared environment and/or an intermediate phenotype. Differences between patient samples reflecting stage of disorder, dietary patterns, medication use, and drug abuse are possible modifiers of FA, contributing to the heterogeneity in findings concerning FA in schizophreniapatients.
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