Mark A Ferro1, Jan Willem Gorter1, Michael H Boyle1. 1. Mark A. Ferro and Jan Willem Gorter are with the Department of Pediatrics, and Mark A. Ferro and Michael H. Boyle are with the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We identified courses of depressive symptoms in an epidemiological sample of emerging adults. METHODS: We used latent class growth modeling to identify trajectories of depressive symptoms measured by the 12-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) during a 14-year follow-up of 2825 Canadian youths aged 10 to 25 years enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth between 1994 and 2009. RESULTS: After adjustment for youth, parent, and family factors, the 3 distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were minimal (55%; CES-D < 6), subclinical (39%; CES-D = 9-13), and clinical (6%; CES-D > 18). All trajectories exhibited a parallel course, with peak symptoms at 15 to 17 years of age. Subclinical and clinical symptoms were more common than minimal symptoms in female youths and in respondents with lower self-concept, lower socioeconomic status, poorer interpersonal relations, and chronic health conditions (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Among emerging adults, trajectories of depressive symptoms do not trend upward or downward, and variables associated with identified trajectories demonstrated dose-response effects that agreed with vulnerability-stress theories of depression.
OBJECTIVES: We identified courses of depressive symptoms in an epidemiological sample of emerging adults. METHODS: We used latent class growth modeling to identify trajectories of depressive symptoms measured by the 12-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) during a 14-year follow-up of 2825 Canadian youths aged 10 to 25 years enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth between 1994 and 2009. RESULTS: After adjustment for youth, parent, and family factors, the 3 distinct trajectories of depressive symptoms were minimal (55%; CES-D < 6), subclinical (39%; CES-D = 9-13), and clinical (6%; CES-D > 18). All trajectories exhibited a parallel course, with peak symptoms at 15 to 17 years of age. Subclinical and clinical symptoms were more common than minimal symptoms in female youths and in respondents with lower self-concept, lower socioeconomic status, poorer interpersonal relations, and chronic health conditions (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Among emerging adults, trajectories of depressive symptoms do not trend upward or downward, and variables associated with identified trajectories demonstrated dose-response effects that agreed with vulnerability-stress theories of depression.
Authors: G N Clarke; W Hawkins; M Murphy; L B Sheeber; P M Lewinsohn; J R Seeley Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 1995-03 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Mark A Ferro; Anne E Rhodes; Melissa Kimber; Laura Duncan; Michael H Boyle; Katholiki Georgiades; Andrea Gonzalez; Harriet L MacMillan Journal: Can J Psychiatry Date: 2017-08-17 Impact factor: 4.356
Authors: Katherine L Musliner; Trine Munk-Olsen; Thomas M Laursen; William W Eaton; Peter P Zandi; Preben B Mortensen Journal: JAMA Psychiatry Date: 2016-04 Impact factor: 21.596