Lara J Maxwell1,2, George A Wells3,4, Lee S Simon3,4, Philip G Conaghan3,4, Shawna Grosskleg3,4, Kerry Scrivens3,4, Dorcas E Beaton3,4, Clifton O Bingham3,4, Jason W Busse3,4, Robin Christensen3,4, Niti Goel3,4, Peter Jüni3,4, Ulrike Kaiser3,4, Anne Lyddiatt3,4, Philip J Mease3,4, Raymond W Ostelo3,4, Kristine Phillips3,4, Damir Sapunar3,4, Jasvinder A Singh3,4, Vibeke Strand3,4, Ann M Taylor3,4, Caroline B Terwee3,4, Peter Tugwell3,4. 1. From the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Practice-Changing Research, Ottawa, Canada; School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa and Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; SDG LLC Cambridge, MA, USA; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; University of Ottawa; Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Quintiles, Inc., Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Sciences (VU University) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (VU University Medical Centre) of the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Division Immunology/Rheumatology Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa, Canada. lmaxwell@uottawa.ca. 2. L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Practice-Changing Research; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa and Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit; S. Grosskleg, University of Ottawa; K. Scrivens, BA, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work & Health; C.O. Bingham III, MD; Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital; N. Goel, MD, Quintiles, Inc., Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Patient Research Partner, Durham, NC, USA; P. Jüni, MD, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine and Clinical Trials Unit Bern, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern; U. Kaiser, Dr, rer, Nat, Dipl-Psych, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; A. Lyddiatt, Patient Research Partner, London, ON, Canada; P.J. Mease, MD, University of Washington; R.W. Ostelo, Department of Health Sciences (VU University) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (VU University Medical Centre) of the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research; K. Phillips, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan; D. Sapunar, MD, PhD, Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine; J.A. Singh, MBBS, MPH, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Alabama at Birmingham; V. Strand, Division Immunology/Rheumatology Stanford University School of Medicine; A.M. Taylor, PhD, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University; C.B. Terwee, PhD, Senior Epidemiologist, VU University Medical Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research; P. Tugwell, MD, MSc University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health. lmaxwell@uottawa.ca. 3. From the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Practice-Changing Research, Ottawa, Canada; School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa and Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada; SDG LLC Cambridge, MA, USA; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds, UK; University of Ottawa; Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Institute for Work & Health, Toronto, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Quintiles, Inc., Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Sciences (VU University) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (VU University Medical Centre) of the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Division Immunology/Rheumatology Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, Ottawa, Canada. 4. L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Practice-Changing Research; G.A. Wells, MSc, PhD, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa and Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute; L.S. Simon, MD, SDG LLC; P.G. Conaghan, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, FRCP, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds & NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit; S. Grosskleg, University of Ottawa; K. Scrivens, BA, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa; D.E. Beaton, BScOT, PhD, Institute for Work & Health; C.O. Bingham III, MD; Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University; J.W. Busse, DC, PhD, Department of Anesthesia, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University; R. Christensen, MSc, PhD, Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Department of Rheumatology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital; N. Goel, MD, Quintiles, Inc., Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Patient Research Partner, Durham, NC, USA; P. Jüni, MD, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine and Clinical Trials Unit Bern, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern; U. Kaiser, Dr, rer, Nat, Dipl-Psych, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus; A. Lyddiatt, Patient Research Partner, London, ON, Canada; P.J. Mease, MD, University of Washington; R.W. Ostelo, Department of Health Sciences (VU University) and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (VU University Medical Centre) of the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research; K. Phillips, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan; D. Sapunar, MD, PhD, Laboratory for Pain Research, University of Split School of Medicine; J.A. Singh, MBBS, MPH, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Alabama at Birmingham; V. Strand, Division Immunology/Rheumatology Stanford University School of Medicine; A.M. Taylor, PhD, Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University; C.B. Terwee, PhD, Senior Epidemiologist, VU University Medical Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research; P. Tugwell, MD, MSc University of Ottawa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the current state of reporting of pain outcomes in Cochrane reviews on chronic musculoskeletal painful conditions and to elicit opinions of patients, healthcare practitioners, and methodologists on presenting pain outcomes to patients, clinicians, and policymakers. METHODS: We identified all reviews in the Cochrane Library of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions from Cochrane review groups (Back, Musculoskeletal, and Pain, Palliative, and Supportive Care) that contained a summary of findings (SoF) table. We extracted data on reported pain domains and instruments and conducted a survey and interviews on considerations for SoF tables (e.g., pain domains, presentation of results). RESULTS: Fifty-seven SoF tables in 133 Cochrane reviews were eligible. SoF tables reported pain in 56/57, with all presenting results for pain intensity (20 different outcome instruments), pain interference in 8 SoF tables (5 different outcome instruments), and pain frequency in 1 multiple domain instrument. Other domains like pain quality or pain affect were not reported. From the survey and interviews [response rate 80% (36/45)], we derived 4 themes for a future research agenda: pain domains, considerations for assessing truth, discrimination, and feasibility; clinically important thresholds for responder analyses and presenting results; and establishing hierarchies of outcome instruments. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of standardization in the domains of pain selected and the manner that pain outcomes are reported in SoF tables, hampering efforts to synthesize evidence. Future research should focus on the themes identified, building partnerships to achieve consensus and develop guidance on best practices for reporting pain outcomes.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the current state of reporting of pain outcomes in Cochrane reviews on chronic musculoskeletal painful conditions and to elicit opinions of patients, healthcare practitioners, and methodologists on presenting pain outcomes to patients, clinicians, and policymakers. METHODS: We identified all reviews in the Cochrane Library of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions from Cochrane review groups (Back, Musculoskeletal, and Pain, Palliative, and Supportive Care) that contained a summary of findings (SoF) table. We extracted data on reported pain domains and instruments and conducted a survey and interviews on considerations for SoF tables (e.g., pain domains, presentation of results). RESULTS: Fifty-seven SoF tables in 133 Cochrane reviews were eligible. SoF tables reported pain in 56/57, with all presenting results for pain intensity (20 different outcome instruments), pain interference in 8 SoF tables (5 different outcome instruments), and pain frequency in 1 multiple domain instrument. Other domains like pain quality or pain affect were not reported. From the survey and interviews [response rate 80% (36/45)], we derived 4 themes for a future research agenda: pain domains, considerations for assessing truth, discrimination, and feasibility; clinically important thresholds for responder analyses and presenting results; and establishing hierarchies of outcome instruments. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of standardization in the domains of pain selected and the manner that pain outcomes are reported in SoF tables, hampering efforts to synthesize evidence. Future research should focus on the themes identified, building partnerships to achieve consensus and develop guidance on best practices for reporting pain outcomes.
Authors: Robert H Dworkin; Dennis C Turk; John T Farrar; Jennifer A Haythornthwaite; Mark P Jensen; Nathaniel P Katz; Robert D Kerns; Gerold Stucki; Robert R Allen; Nicholas Bellamy; Daniel B Carr; Julie Chandler; Penney Cowan; Raymond Dionne; Bradley S Galer; Sharon Hertz; Alejandro R Jadad; Lynn D Kramer; Donald C Manning; Susan Martin; Cynthia G McCormick; Michael P McDermott; Patrick McGrath; Steve Quessy; Bob A Rappaport; Wendye Robbins; James P Robinson; Margaret Rothman; Mike A Royal; Lee Simon; Joseph W Stauffer; Wendy Stein; Jane Tollett; Joachim Wernicke; James Witter Journal: Pain Date: 2005-01 Impact factor: 6.961
Authors: G A Hawker; A M Davis; M R French; J Cibere; J M Jordan; L March; M Suarez-Almazor; J N Katz; P Dieppe Journal: Osteoarthritis Cartilage Date: 2008-04 Impact factor: 6.576
Authors: Robert H Dworkin; Dennis C Turk; Sarah Peirce-Sandner; Laurie B Burke; John T Farrar; Ian Gilron; Mark P Jensen; Nathaniel P Katz; Srinivasa N Raja; Bob A Rappaport; Michael C Rowbotham; Misha-Miroslav Backonja; Ralf Baron; Nicholas Bellamy; Zubin Bhagwagar; Ann Costello; Penney Cowan; Weikai Christopher Fang; Sharon Hertz; Gary W Jay; Roderick Junor; Robert D Kerns; Rosemary Kerwin; Ernest A Kopecky; Dmitri Lissin; Richard Malamut; John D Markman; Michael P McDermott; Catherine Munera; Linda Porter; Christine Rauschkolb; Andrew S C Rice; Cristina Sampaio; Vladimir Skljarevski; Kenneth Sommerville; Brett R Stacey; Ilona Steigerwald; Jeffrey Tobias; Ann Marie Trentacosti; Ajay D Wasan; George A Wells; Jim Williams; James Witter; Dan Ziegler Journal: Pain Date: 2012-04-09 Impact factor: 6.961
Authors: Lidwine B Mokkink; Caroline B Terwee; Donald L Patrick; Jordi Alonso; Paul W Stratford; Dirk L Knol; Lex M Bouter; Henrica C W de Vet Journal: Qual Life Res Date: 2010-02-19 Impact factor: 4.147
Authors: Raymond W J G Ostelo; Rick A Deyo; P Stratford; Gordon Waddell; Peter Croft; Michael Von Korff; Lex M Bouter; Henrica C de Vet Journal: Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Date: 2008-01-01 Impact factor: 3.468
Authors: Dennis C Turk; Robert H Dworkin; Dennis Revicki; Gale Harding; Laurie B Burke; David Cella; Charles S Cleeland; Penney Cowan; John T Farrar; Sharon Hertz; Mitchell B Max; Bob A Rappaport Journal: Pain Date: 2007-10-15 Impact factor: 6.961
Authors: Robert H Dworkin; Dennis C Turk; Kathleen W Wyrwich; Dorcas Beaton; Charles S Cleeland; John T Farrar; Jennifer A Haythornthwaite; Mark P Jensen; Robert D Kerns; Deborah N Ader; Nancy Brandenburg; Laurie B Burke; David Cella; Julie Chandler; Penny Cowan; Rozalina Dimitrova; Raymond Dionne; Sharon Hertz; Alejandro R Jadad; Nathaniel P Katz; Henrik Kehlet; Lynn D Kramer; Donald C Manning; Cynthia McCormick; Michael P McDermott; Henry J McQuay; Sanjay Patel; Linda Porter; Steve Quessy; Bob A Rappaport; Christine Rauschkolb; Dennis A Revicki; Margaret Rothman; Kenneth E Schmader; Brett R Stacey; Joseph W Stauffer; Thorsten von Stein; Richard E White; James Witter; Stojan Zavisic Journal: J Pain Date: 2007-12-11 Impact factor: 5.820
Authors: Caroline B Terwee; Lidwine B Mokkink; Dirk L Knol; Raymond W J G Ostelo; Lex M Bouter; Henrica C W de Vet Journal: Qual Life Res Date: 2011-07-06 Impact factor: 4.147
Authors: Ninna K Senftleber; Sabrina M Nielsen; Jens R Andersen; Henning Bliddal; Simon Tarp; Lotte Lauritzen; Daniel E Furst; Maria E Suarez-Almazor; Anne Lyddiatt; Robin Christensen Journal: Nutrients Date: 2017-01-06 Impact factor: 5.717