Where are we going? Translational research in hepatic encephalopathy.

Translational medicine, rather than being a unidirectional clinical utilization of basic research discoveries, should be a bidirectional process of cross-fertilization between basic science, medical knowledge and clinical utilization. While steps and processes differ across these branches of research, clear language and proper definitions are prerequisites for effective interaction of researchers to facilitate knowledge development. With respect to Hepatic Encephalopathy, at first glance the areas which require development are around prevention, both to reduce the risk of relapse following an episode of overt HE and to reduce the risk of the first episode of HE. In addition, shortening the duration of episodes of overt HE may also be relevant. Comparisons of treatments and combinations of treatments, acting by different but potentially synergistic mechanisms, are reasonable targets for both basic and applied research.