Literature DB >> 26313433

Higher overall survival in metastatic pancreatic cancer: the impact of where and how treatment is delivered.

Pedro Luiz Serrano Usón Junior1, Monique Sedlmaier França1, Heloisa Veasey Rodrigues1, Antônio Luiz de Vasconcellos Macedo1, Alberto Goldenberg2, Oren Smaletz1, Daniela Pezzutti Domingues Armentano1, Sergio Daniel Simon1, Rene Claudio Gansl1.   

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the overall survival of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and evaluate factors that impact prognosis in a private cancer center.
METHODS: Data from the Hospital Cancer Registry at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein were retrospectively collected. The patients enrolled had metastatic cancer at diagnosis or earlier staging and subsequent recurrence. Cases of neuroendocrine tumors were excluded.
RESULTS: A total of 65 patients were evaluated, including 63 with adenocarcinoma. The median overall survival for patients in all stages was 20.7 months (95%CI: 15.6-25.7), while the overall survival of metastatic disease was 13.3 months. Among the 33 cases with stage IV cancer, there was no evidence of a statistically significant association between median survival and CA19-9 dosage (p=0.212), tumor location (p=0.482), first treatment performed (p=0.337), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.286), and age (p=0.152). However, the number of lines of chemotherapy was significantly associated with survival (log-rank p=0.013), with an estimated median survival of 10.2 months for patients who received up to two lines of treatment and 23.5 months for those receiving more than two lines of chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION: The survival of patients treated was longer than that reported in the literature. The only statistically significant factor related to increased survival was higher number of lines of chemotherapy received. We believe that the higher socioeconomic status of patients surveyed in this study, as well as their greater access to treatment options, may have influenced their overall survival.

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Mesh:

Year:  2015        PMID: 26313433      PMCID: PMC4943777          DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082015AO3303

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Einstein (Sao Paulo)        ISSN: 1679-4508


INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, and ranks fourth in the total number of deaths related to cancer in patients of both genders. In 2013, the United States registered about 45 thousand new cases, and reported that the number of expected deaths was very similar to the number of new cases. The median overall survival at 5 years is between 2 and 6%.( ) Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the most common type of pancreatic neoplasm, with all of its subtypes accounting for 85% of cases.( ) Currently, curative treatment is only possible in cases of resectable disease and during the initial stages.( ) Although complete surgical resection is the only potential curative approach of this disease, it can only be performed in 10 to 20% of patients, since most individuals present with advanced disease upon diagnosis.( , ) After surgical resection, 7 to 25% of patients have a 5-year survival rate,( ) with better results in individuals who undergo curative resection (R0).( ) Several factors are associated with poor prognosis after surgery with complete resection, such as levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) at diagnosis, perineural invasion and tumor size.( ) The median survival of patients with locally advanced disease is approximately 6 to 11 months.( ) In cases of metastatic disease, chemotherapy increases overall survival and improves symptoms.( - ) The longest gain in median overall survival reported in the metastatic setting was 11.1 months, which was achieved with the combination of fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) treatment.( ) Currently, easy access to all treatment modalities and to new combinations of chemotherapeutical drugs is considered an important factor that interferes in patient survival. Therefore, differences across services often lead to diverse prognoses for this disease.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the overall survival of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer in Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, and evaluate possible factors that impact the prognosis of the disease.

METHODS

Data were retrospectively collected from the Hospital Cancer Registry at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein from the period between January 2007 and December 2013. Staging was determined based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)( ) classification. Age, sex, tumor location, histopathological features, first treatment, surgery, date and site of recurrence or progression in case of metastatic disease, proposed treatment at relapse and number of lines of treatment received were obtained from patient’s medical records. The site of recurrence was obtained by imaging method chosen by the professional who attended the patient. The median survival was calculated for the period between the time of diagnosis and February 12, 2014, according to cancer stage. Finally, we calculated the median survival according to tumor location, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, level of CA19-9 marker at diagnosis, and number of lines of treatment, among others. The median survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The analysis of factors associated with survival of stage-IV patients was made by means of analysis of variance with log-rank tests and a Cox proportional hazards model. Analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software version 17.0, and a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and a 5% significance level were determined. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under register no. 687.990 and CAAE: 32349914.2.0000.0071

RESULTS

A total of 146 cases of pancreatic cancer were identified, and patients in stages I, II and III who did not have tumor recurrences were excluded. Those suffering from neuroendocrine tumors were also excluded. Therefore, our final group consisted of 65 patients in all stages, including metastatic (stage IV). The final analysis included 43 deaths. The median age for all patients was 66 years and most were males (62%). The most common histological type was adenocarcinoma, representing 97% of cases. Half of the patients were stage IV at diagnosis and the majority had high CA19-9; only 15% of patients had CA19-9 within the normal range at diagnosis. As expected, the liver was the organ most frequently affected by metastasis among these patients. Chemotherapy alone was used as an initial treatment regimen in 50% of patients and most patients underwent only the first-line of treatment (53%), while another 12% underwent more than three lines of chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was used in 14% of cases with recurrence (nine patients). Other patient characteristics can be found in appendix 1. Median overall survival for patients in all stages was 20.7 months (95%CI: 15.6-25.7) (Table 1).
Table 1

Survival according to cancer staging

StagenEvents (n)Censored patients n (%)Median survival (months)95%CI
Lower limitUpper limit
II231013 (56.5)31.31.761.0
III954 (44.4)25.715.635.8
IV33285 (15.2)13.36.320.2

Total654322 (33.8)20.715.625.7

95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

95%CI: 95% confidence interval. We found no evidence of an association between patient death and serum CA19.9 (p=0.212), tumor location (p=0.482), first treatment performed (p=0.337), site of metastasis (p=0.197), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.286), age (p=0.152) and number of metastases (p=0.961). We were unable to evaluate the relationship between survival and stromal reaction, since no stage-IV patient in our group had this condition (Table 2).
Table 2

Analysis of factors associated with death

 nEvents (n)Censored patients n (%)Median survival (months)95%CI
Log-rank p
Lower limitUpper limit
Level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9       
<59 x ULN13112 (15.4)17.57.227.80.212
≥59 x ULN1091 (10.0)6.81.112.5
Normal1082 (20.0)13.36.120.4
Pancreatic tumor site       
Head19154 (21.1)15.66.125.00.482
Body651 (16.7)7.60.022.1
Tail88010.29.211.3
First treatment       
Surgery2207.6----0.337
Chemotherapy30255 (16.7)15.64.027.1
Chemo + radiotherapy1109.6----
Site of metastasis       
Liver20182 (10)10.27.213.20.197
Other13103 (23.1)15.66.125.0
Lymphovascular invasion       
Yes2207.6----0.286
No31265 (16.1)15.66.324.8
Stromal reaction       
No33285 (15.2)13.36.320.2--
Number of chemotherapy lines       
Up to 226224 (15.4)10.26.214.20.013
More than 2761 (14.3)23.510.836.2
Age       
<651284 (33.3)20.40.044.50.152
≥6521201 (4.8)11.06.415.5
Number of metastases       
Up to 228235 (17.9)11.06.215.80.961
More than 255017.91.334.5

95%CI: confidence interval 95%CI; ULN: upper limit of the normal range.

95%CI: confidence interval 95%CI; ULN: upper limit of the normal range. The only variable associated with survival in our group of patients was the number of lines of chemotherapy taken: the median survival was 10.2 months among patients with up to two lines of treatment and 23.5 months for patients with more than two lines of chemotherapy (log-rank p=0.013). Relative to patients who underwent more than two lines of chemotherapy, the risk ratio estimated with the Cox model was 4.42 (95%CI: 1.25-15.55).

DISCUSSION

The overall median survival of patients surveyed in this review was 20.7 months, which included patients in all stages of pancreatic cancer. The overall median survival for stage IV patients (metastatic disease at diagnosis) was 13.3 months. According to the data validation of the 6th edition of staging of the AJCC, the median survival of patients in all stages of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (including patients undergoing pancreatectomy) was 12.6 months.( ) In cases of stage IV at diagnosis, median survival was 2.5 months. This difference in median survival may be related to many factors. It is known that treatment outcome in pancreatic cancer does not only depend on the chemotherapy regimen used, but also on the nature of the primary tumor and the surgery performed.( ) In addition, most patients have multiple comorbidities that are also related to the epidemiology of cancer itself, such as smoking, obesity, diabetes and older age.( , ) Other variables known to influence treatment outcome include socioeconomic and performance status. A survey of more than 20 thousand cases of pancreatic cancer, conducted in California, revealed that race and socioeconomic background were related to differences in treatment and survival, with less favored economic groups having lower survival rates.( ) The cases surveyed in our study were being treated in a private oncology referral center, with full access to modern chemotherapy regimens and procedures, such as prosthetics and surgery, and this may partly explain the difference in the results obtained. Performance status is also a limiting factor for the onset and maintenance of systemic treatment. The vast majority of studies using first-line chemotherapy include only patients with good functional status, i.e., an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-1 and a Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) >70.( , , ) The only factor associated with better survival in our analysis was the number of lines of chemotherapy used, in which using more than two lines was associated with significantly better survival (23.5 months versus 10.2 months; p=0.013). We cannot exclude the possibility that patients who underwent more lines of treatment had better functional status at diagnosis. The CA19-9 levels at diagnosis were used as an independent factor of poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer in several studies.( - ) However, in our study, we did not observe this pattern of association. The same poor prognosis was associated with lymphovascular( , ) and perineural invasion,( - ) but we were not able to collect enough pathological data from our patients to evaluate these variables.

CONCLUSION

In the group of patients studied at our private institution, we found better overall survival in patients with advanced scenario that reported in the literature. We did not find associations between prognosis and several variables that have previously been reported. One possible explanation could be the greater amount of resources available to these patients relative to the general population.

INTRODUÇÃO

O câncer de pâncreas é uma das neoplasias mais letais em todo o mundo e ocupa o quarto lugar em número total de mortes relacionadas ao câncer, em pacientes de ambos os sexos. Em 2013, os Estados Unidos registraram cerca de 45 mil casos novos e relataram que o número de mortes esperadas era bem próximo ao número de casos novos. A sobrevida global mediana em 5 anos é de 2 a 6%.( ) O adenocarcinoma do pâncreas é o tipo mais comum de tumor pancreático e, com todos seus subtipos, representa 85% dos casos.( ) Atualmente, o tratamento curativo só é possível nos casos de doença ressecável e nas fases iniciais.( ) Embora a ressecção cirúrgica completa seja a única abordagem potencialmente curativa da doença, só pode ser realizada em 10 a 20% dos pacientes, já que a maioria dos pacientes apresenta doença avançada no momento do diagnóstico.( , ) Após a ressecção cirúrgica, 7 a 25% dos pacientes têm uma taxa de sobrevida de 5 anos,( ) com melhores resultados para os pacientes que se submetem à ressecção curativa (R0).( ) Diversos fatores estão associados a um mau prognóstico após a cirurgia com ressecção completa, como níveis de antígeno carboidrato 19-9 (CA19-9) no momento do diagnóstico, invasão perineural e tamanho do tumor.( ) A sobrevida mediana de pacientes com doença localmente avançada é de aproximadamente 6 a 11 meses.( ) Em casos de doença metastática, a quimioterapia aumenta a sobrevida global e melhora os sintomas.( - ) O maior ganho na sobrevida global mediana relatado no contexto metastático foi de 11,1 meses, que foi conseguido com a combinação de fluorouracil, leucovorina, irinotecano e oxaliplatina (FOLFIRINOX).( ) Atualmente, o acesso fácil a todas as modalidades de tratamento e a novas combinações de quimioterápicos é considerado um fator importante, que afeta a sobrevida do paciente. Assim, as diferenças entre os serviços muitas vezes levam a diferenças de prognóstico para essa doença.

OBJETIVO

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a sobrevida global dos pacientes com câncer pancreático avançado no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, e avaliar possíveis fatores que influenciam no prognóstico da doença.

MÉTODOS

Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente no Registro Hospitalar de Câncer do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, do período janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2013. O estadiamento foi determinado com base na classificação do American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC).( ) Idade, sexo, localização do tumor, características histopatológicas, primeiro tratamento, cirurgia, data e local de recorrência ou progressão em caso de doença metastática, tratamento proposto na recidiva e número de linhas de tratamento recebido foram obtidos nos prontuários médicos. O local de recorrência foi obtido pelo método de imagem escolhido pelo profissional que atendeu o paciente. Calculou-se, então, a sobrevida mediana no período entre a data do diagnóstico até 12 de fevereiro de 2014, de acordo com o estádio do câncer. Finalmente, calculou-se a sobrevida mediana de acordo com a localização do tumor, a invasão linfovascular e perineural, o nível do marcador CA19-9 no diagnóstico, e o número de linhas de tratamento, entre outros. A sobrevida mediana foi estimada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. A verificação dos fatores associados à sobrevida dos pacientes em estádio IV foi feita por meio de uma análise de variância com os testes de log-rank e um modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. As análises foram realizadas com o pacote estatístico Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) versão 17.0, e estabeleceram-se um intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e um nível de significância de 5%. O estudo foi aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa sob o registo 687.990 e o CAAE: 32349914. 2.0000.0071

RESULTADOS

Foram identificados 146 casos de câncer de pâncreas, dos quais foram excluídos os pacientes nos estádios I, II e III que não tiveram recorrência dos tumores. Os tumores neuroendócrinos também foram excluídos. Assim, nosso grupo final foi composto por 65 pacientes em todos os estádios, inclusive o metastático (estádio IV). A análise final incluiu 43 óbitos. A idade mediana para todos os pacientes foi 66 anos, e a maioria era do sexo masculino (62%). O tipo histológico mais comum foi o adenocarcinoma, representando 97% dos casos. Metade dos pacientes estavam no estádio IV no momento do diagnóstico e a maioria apresentava CA19-9 elevado; apenas 15% dos pacientes apresentavam CA19-9 na faixa da normalidade no momento do diagnóstico. Conforme esperado, o fígado foi o órgão mais frequentemente acometido por metástases entre esses pacientes. A quimioterapia isolada foi utilizada como regime de tratamento inicial em 50% dos indivíduos e a maioria dos pacientes foi submetida somente à primeira linha de tratamento (53%), ao passo que outros 12% foram submetidos a mais de três linhas de quimioterapia. A radioterapia foi utilizada em 14% dos casos com recorrência (nove pacientes). Outras características dos pacientes encontram-se no anexo 1. A sobrevida mediana global para os pacientes em todos os estádios foi 20,7 meses (IC95%: 15,6-25,7). (Tabela 1).
Tabela 1

Sobrevida por estádio de câncer

EstádionEventos (n)Pacientes censurados n (%)Sobrevida mediana (meses)IC 95%
Limite inferiorLimite superior
II231013 (56,5)31,31,761,0
III954 (44,4)25,715,635,8
IV33285 (15,2)13,36,320,2
Total654322 (33,8)20,715,625,7

IC95%: intervalo de confiança 95%.

IC95%: intervalo de confiança 95%. Não encontramos nenhuma evidência de alguma associação entre óbito do paciente e CA19-9 sérico (p=0,212), localização do tumor (p=0,482), primeiro tratamento realizado (p=0,337), local de metástase (p=0,197), invasão linfática (p=0,286), idade (p=0,152) e número de metástases (p=0,961). Não fomos capazes de avaliar a relação existente entre a sobrevida e a reação estromal, uma vez que nenhum paciente em estádio IV do nosso grupo apresentava essa condição (Tabela 2).
Tabela 2

Análise dos fatores associados a óbito

 nEventos (n)Pacientes censurados n (%)Sobrevida mediana (meses)IC95%
Log-rank p
Limite inferiorLimite superior
Nível de antígeno carboidrato 19-9       
<59 x LSN13112 (15,4)17,57,227,80,212
≥59 x LSN1091 (10,0)6,81,112,5
Normal1082 (20,0)13,36,120,4
Localização do tumor de pâncreas       
Cabeça19154 (21,1)15,66,125,00,482
Corpo651 (16,7)7,60,022,1
Cauda88010,29,211,3
Primeiro tratamento       
Cirurgia2207,6----0,337
Quimioterapia30255 (16,7)15,64,027,1
Quimio + radioterapia1109,6----
Local das metástases       
Fígado20182 (10)10,27,213,20,197
Outro13103 (23,1)15,66,125,0
Invasão linfovascular       
Sim2207,6----0,286
Não31265 (16,1)15,66,324,8
Reação estromal       
Não33285 (15,2)13,36,320,2--
Número de linhas de quimioterapia       
Até 226224 (15,4)10,26,214,20,013
Mais de 2761 (14,3)23,510,836,2
Idade (anos)       
<651284 (33,3)20,40,044,50,152
≥6521201 (4,8)11,06,415,5
Número de metástases       
Até 228235 (17,9)11,06,215,80,961
Mais de 255017,91,334,5

IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; LNS: limite superior da normalidade.

IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; LNS: limite superior da normalidade. A única variável associada à sobrevida em nosso grupo de pacientes foi o número de linhas de quimioterapia recebidas: a sobrevida mediana foi de 10,2 meses entre os pacientes com até duas linhas de tratamento e de 23,5 meses para os pacientes com mais de duas linhas de quimioterapia (log-rank p=0,013). Em relação aos pacientes que foram submetidos a mais de duas linhas de quimioterapia, a taxa de risco estimada com o modelo de Cox foi 4,42 (IC95%: 1,25-15,55).

DISCUSSÃO

A sobrevida mediana dos pacientes pesquisados nesta revisão foi de 20,7 meses, incluindo pacientes em todos os estádios de câncer de pâncreas. A sobrevida mediana global para pacientes estádio IV (doença metastática no momento do diagnóstico) foi de 13,3 meses. De acordo com a validação de dados da sexta edição do estadiamento da AJCC, a sobrevida mediana dos pacientes em todas as fases do adenocarcinoma do pâncreas (incluindo pacientes submetidos à pancreatectomia) foi 12,6 meses.( ) Em casos de estádio IV no momento do diagnóstico, a sobrevida mediana foi 2,5 meses. Essa diferença na sobrevida mediana pode estar relacionada a vários fatores. Sabe-se que o resultado do tratamento no câncer pancreático não depende apenas do regime de quimioterapia utilizado, mas também da natureza do tumor primário e da cirurgia realizada.( ) Além disso, a maioria dos pacientes tem múltiplas comorbidades, que também estão relacionadas com a epidemiologia do câncer em si, como tabagismo, obesidade, diabetes e idade avançada.( , ) Outras variáveis que influenciam no resultado do tratamento incluem condição socioeconômica e performance status. Uma pesquisa de mais de 20 mil casos de câncer de pâncreas, realizada na Califórnia, revelou que raça e nível socioeconômico estavam relacionados a diferenças no tratamento e na sobrevida, com menores taxas de sobrevida nos grupos economicamente menos favorecidos.( ) Os casos pesquisados em nosso estudo estavam sendo tratados em um centro oncológico de referência da rede privada, com acesso total aos regimes de quimioterapia e procedimentos modernos, como próteses e cirurgia, e isso pode explicar em parte a diferença nos resultados obtidos. O performance status também é um fator limitante para o início e a manutenção do tratamento sistêmico. A maioria dos estudos que utilizaram quimioterapia de primeira linha incluiu apenas os pacientes com bom estado funcional, ou seja, um performance status de 0-1, na escala do Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG), e performance status na escala de Karnofsky (KPS) >70.( , , ) O único fator associado a uma maior sobrevida em nossa análise foi o número de linhas de quimioterapia utilizadas, sendo que o uso de mais de duas linhas estava associado a uma sobrevida significativamente melhor (23,5 meses versus 10,2 meses; p=0,013). Não podemos excluir a possibilidade de os pacientes submetidos a mais linhas de tratamento terem apresentado melhor estado funcional no momento do diagnóstico. Os níveis de CA19-9 no momento do diagnóstico foram utilizados em vários estudos como um fator independente de pior prognóstico no câncer de pâncreas.( - ) No entanto, em nosso estudo, não observamos esse padrão de associação. O mesmo prognóstico reservado foi associado à invasão linfovascular( , ) e perineural,( - ) mas não fomos capazes de coletar dados anatomopatológicos suficientes dos nossos pacientes para avaliar essas variáveis.

CONCLUSÃO

No grupo de pacientes estudados em nossa instituição privada, observamos melhor sobrevida global nos pacientes em estádio avançado da doença do que a relatada na literatura. Não se encontrou associação entre prognóstico e diversas variáveis que foram previamente relatadas. Uma possível explicação poderia ser o maior número de recursos disponíveis para esses pacientes em relação à população em geral.
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