Ignacio F Mata1,2, James B Leverenz3, Daniel Weintraub4,5,6, John Q Trojanowski7,8, Alice Chen-Plotkin4, Vivianna M Van Deerlin7, Beate Ritz9,10,11, Rebecca Rausch11, Stewart A Factor12, Cathy Wood-Siverio12, Joseph F Quinn13,14, Kathryn A Chung13,14, Amie L Peterson-Hiller13,14, Jennifer G Goldman15, Glenn T Stebbins15, Bryan Bernard15, Alberto J Espay16, Fredy J Revilla16,17, Johnna Devoto16, Liana S Rosenthal18, Ted M Dawson18,19,20, Marilyn S Albert18, Debby Tsuang1,21, Haley Huston1,2, Dora Yearout1,2, Shu-Ching Hu1,2, Brenna A Cholerton1,21, Thomas J Montine22, Karen L Edwards23, Cyrus P Zabetian1,2. 1. Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA. 2. Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. 3. Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. 4. Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 5. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 6. Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 7. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 8. Institute on Aging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 9. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. 10. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. 11. Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA. 12. Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 13. Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA. 14. Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. 15. Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 16. Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 17. Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 18. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 19. Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 20. Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 21. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. 22. Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. 23. Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Loss-of-function mutations in the GBA gene are associated with more severe cognitive impairment in PD, but the nature of these deficits is not well understood and whether common GBA polymorphisms influence cognitive performance in PD is not yet known. METHODS: We screened the GBA coding region for mutations and the E326K polymorphism in 1,369 PD patients enrolled at eight sites from the PD Cognitive Genetics Consortium. Participants underwent assessments of learning and memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised), working memory/executive function (Letter-Number Sequencing Test and Trail Making Test A and B), language processing (semantic and phonemic verbal fluency), visuospatial abilities (Benton Judgment of Line Orientation), and global cognitive function (MoCA). We used linear regression to test for association between genotype and cognitive performance with adjustment for important covariates and accounted for multiple testing using Bonferroni's corrections. RESULTS: Mutation carriers (n = 60; 4.4%) and E326K carriers (n = 65; 4.7%) had a higher prevalence of dementia (mutations, odds ratio = 5.1; P = 9.7 × 10(-6) ; E326K, odds ratio = 6.4; P = 5.7 × 10(-7) ) and lower performance on Letter-Number Sequencing (mutations, corrected P[Pc ] = 9.0 × 10(-4) ; E326K, Pc = 0.036), Trail Making B-A (mutations, Pc = 0.018; E326K, Pc = 0.018), and Benton Judgment of Line Orientation (mutations, Pc = 0.0045; E326K, Pc = 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS: Both GBA mutations and E326K are associated with a distinct cognitive profile characterized by greater impairment in working memory/executive function and visuospatial abilities in PD patients. The discovery that E326K negatively impacts cognitive performance approximately doubles the proportion of PD patients we now recognize are at risk for more severe GBA-related cognitive deficits.
BACKGROUND: Loss-of-function mutations in the GBA gene are associated with more severe cognitive impairment in PD, but the nature of these deficits is not well understood and whether common GBA polymorphisms influence cognitive performance in PD is not yet known. METHODS: We screened the GBA coding region for mutations and the E326K polymorphism in 1,369 PDpatients enrolled at eight sites from the PD Cognitive Genetics Consortium. Participants underwent assessments of learning and memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised), working memory/executive function (Letter-Number Sequencing Test and Trail Making Test A and B), language processing (semantic and phonemic verbal fluency), visuospatial abilities (Benton Judgment of Line Orientation), and global cognitive function (MoCA). We used linear regression to test for association between genotype and cognitive performance with adjustment for important covariates and accounted for multiple testing using Bonferroni's corrections. RESULTS: Mutation carriers (n = 60; 4.4%) and E326K carriers (n = 65; 4.7%) had a higher prevalence of dementia (mutations, odds ratio = 5.1; P = 9.7 × 10(-6) ; E326K, odds ratio = 6.4; P = 5.7 × 10(-7) ) and lower performance on Letter-Number Sequencing (mutations, corrected P[Pc ] = 9.0 × 10(-4) ; E326K, Pc = 0.036), Trail Making B-A (mutations, Pc = 0.018; E326K, Pc = 0.018), and Benton Judgment of Line Orientation (mutations, Pc = 0.0045; E326K, Pc = 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS: Both GBA mutations and E326K are associated with a distinct cognitive profile characterized by greater impairment in working memory/executive function and visuospatial abilities in PDpatients. The discovery that E326K negatively impacts cognitive performance approximately doubles the proportion of PDpatients we now recognize are at risk for more severe GBA-related cognitive deficits.
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