John P Sfakianos1, Eugene K Cha2, Gopa Iyer3, Sasinya N Scott4, Emily C Zabor5, Ronak H Shah4, Qinghu Ren4, Aditya Bagrodia6, Philip H Kim6, A Ari Hakimi6, Irina Ostrovnaya5, Ricardo Ramirez7, Aphrothiti J Hanrahan7, Neil B Desai8, Arony Sun6, Patrizia Pinciroli9, Jonathan E Rosenberg3, Guido Dalbagni10, Nikolaus Schultz11, Dean F Bajorin3, Victor E Reuter12, Michael F Berger13, Bernard H Bochner10, Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie4, David B Solit14, Jonathan A Coleman10. 1. Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 2. Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: chae@mskcc.org. 3. Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. 4. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 6. Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 7. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 8. Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 9. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. 10. Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. 11. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Computational Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 12. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. 13. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. 14. Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Despite a similar histologic appearance, upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) tumors have distinct epidemiologic and clinicopathologic differences. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the differences between UTUC and UCB result from intrinsic biological diversity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Tumor and germline DNA from patients with UTUC (n=83) and UCB (n=102) were analyzed using a custom next-generation sequencing assay to identify somatic mutations and copy number alterations in 300 cancer-associated genes. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We described co-mutation patterns and copy number alterations in UTUC. We also compared mutation frequencies in high-grade UTUC (n=59) and high-grade UCB (n=102). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Comparison of high-grade UTUC and UCB revealed significant differences in the prevalence of somatic alterations. Genes altered more commonly in high-grade UTUC included FGFR3 (35.6% vs 21.6%; p=0.065), HRAS (13.6% vs 1.0%; p=0.001), and CDKN2B (15.3% vs 3.9%; p=0.016). Genes less frequently mutated in high-grade UTUC included TP53 (25.4% vs 57.8%; p<0.001), RB1 (0.0% vs 18.6%; p<0.001), and ARID1A (13.6% vs 27.5%; p=0.050). Because our assay was restricted to genomic alterations in a targeted panel, rare mutations and epigenetic changes were not analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: High-grade UTUC tumors display a spectrum of genetic alterations similar to high-grade UCB. However, there were significant differences in the prevalence of several recurrently mutated genes including HRAS, TP53, and RB1. As relevant targeted inhibitors are being developed and tested, these results may have important implications for the site-specific management of patients with urothelial carcinoma. PATIENT SUMMARY: Comparison of next-generation sequencing of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) with urothelial bladder cancer identified that similar mutations were present in both cancer types but at different frequencies, indicating a potential need for unique management strategies. UTUC tumors were found to have a high rate of mutations that could be targeted with novel therapies.
BACKGROUND: Despite a similar histologic appearance, upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) tumors have distinct epidemiologic and clinicopathologic differences. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the differences between UTUC and UCB result from intrinsic biological diversity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Tumor and germline DNA from patients with UTUC (n=83) and UCB (n=102) were analyzed using a custom next-generation sequencing assay to identify somatic mutations and copy number alterations in 300 cancer-associated genes. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: We described co-mutation patterns and copy number alterations in UTUC. We also compared mutation frequencies in high-grade UTUC (n=59) and high-grade UCB (n=102). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Comparison of high-grade UTUC and UCB revealed significant differences in the prevalence of somatic alterations. Genes altered more commonly in high-grade UTUC included FGFR3 (35.6% vs 21.6%; p=0.065), HRAS (13.6% vs 1.0%; p=0.001), and CDKN2B (15.3% vs 3.9%; p=0.016). Genes less frequently mutated in high-grade UTUC included TP53 (25.4% vs 57.8%; p<0.001), RB1 (0.0% vs 18.6%; p<0.001), and ARID1A (13.6% vs 27.5%; p=0.050). Because our assay was restricted to genomic alterations in a targeted panel, rare mutations and epigenetic changes were not analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: High-grade UTUC tumors display a spectrum of genetic alterations similar to high-grade UCB. However, there were significant differences in the prevalence of several recurrently mutated genes including HRAS, TP53, and RB1. As relevant targeted inhibitors are being developed and tested, these results may have important implications for the site-specific management of patients with urothelial carcinoma. PATIENT SUMMARY: Comparison of next-generation sequencing of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) with urothelial bladder cancer identified that similar mutations were present in both cancer types but at different frequencies, indicating a potential need for unique management strategies. UTUC tumors were found to have a high rate of mutations that could be targeted with novel therapies.
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