| Literature DB >> 26270010 |
Mathias Roberto Loch1, Regina Kazue Tanno de Souza2, Arthur Eumann Mesas2, Alberto Durán González2, Fernando Rodriguez-Artalejo3.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between social capital and social capital and self-perception of health based on examining the influence of health-related behaviors as possible mediators of this relationship. METHODS A cross-sectional study was used with 1,081 subjects, which is representative of the population of individuals aged 40 years or more in a medium-sized city in Southern Brazil. The subjects who perceived their health as fine, bad or very bad were considered to have a negative self-perception of their health. The social capital indicators were: number of friends, people from whom they could borrow money from when needed; the extent of trust in community members; whether or not members of the community helped each other; community safety; and extent of participation in community activities. The behaviors were: physical activity during leisure time, fruits and vegetable consumption, tobacco use and alcohol abuse. The odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) 95% were calculated by binary logistic regression. The significance of mediation was verified using the Sobel test. RESULTS Following adjustment for demographic and clinical variables, subjects with fewer friends (OR = 1.39, 95%CI 1.08;1.80), those who perceived less frequently help from people in the neighborhood (OR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.01;1.68), who saw the violent neighborhood (OR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.01;1.74) and who had not participated in any community activity (OR = 1.39, 95%CI 1.07;1.80) had more negative self-perception of their health. Physical activity during leisure time was a significant mediator in the relationship between all social capital indicators (except for the borrowed money variable) and self-perceived health. Fruit and vegetable consumption was a significant mediator of the relationship between the extent of participation in community activities and self-perceived health. Tobacco use and alcohol abuse did not seem to have a mediating role in any relationship. CONCLUSIONS Lifestyle seems to only partially explain the relationship between social capital and self-perceived health. Among the investigated behaviors, physical activity during leisure time is what seems to have the most important role as a mediator of this relationship.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26270010 PMCID: PMC4544457 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005116
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Relationship between negative self-perception of healtha and demographic, clinical and behavioral indicators. Cambé, PR, Southern Brazil, 2011. (N = 1,081)
| Variable | Negative self-perception of health | ORcrude | 95%CI | ORadjusted b | 95%CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | 95%CI | |||||
| Total | 456 | 42.2 | 39.2;45.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 173 | 34.8 | 30.5;39.1 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Female | 283 | 48.5 | 44.5;52.4 | 1.76 | 1.37;2.25 | 1.68 | 1.26;2.24 |
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 40 to 49 | 154 | 34.4 | 29.8;38.9 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| 50 to 59 | 170 | 49.6 | 44.4;54.8 | 1.87 | 1.41;2.50 | 1.77 | 1.30;2.41 |
| ≥ 60 | 132 | 45.5 | 39.9;51.2 | 1.60 | 1.18;2.16 | 1.48 | 1.06;2.09 |
| p of linear trend | 0.001 | 0.011 | |||||
| Economic status | |||||||
| A or B (higher) | 145 | 34.9 | 30.2;39.7 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| C | 261 | 46.0 | 42.0;50.1 | 1.59 | 1.22;2.06 | 1.29 | 0.97;1.70 |
| D or E (lower) | 50 | 50.5 | 40.8;60.2 | 1.90 | 1.22;2.96 | 1.26 | 0.77;2.05 |
| p of linear trend | < 0.001 | 0.141 | |||||
| Body mass index | |||||||
| Normal (< 25 kg/m2) | 129 | 37.7 | 30.5;42.9 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) | 157 | 38.0 | 33.3;42.7 | 1.01 | 0.75;1.36 | 1.00 | 0.73;1.37 |
| Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 170 | 52.1 | 46.8;57.5 | 1.80 | 1.32;2.45 | 1.52 | 1.09;2.12 |
| p of linear trend | < 0.001 | 0.011 | |||||
| Walking difficulty | |||||||
| None | 415 | 40.6 | 37.6;43.7 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Difficulty | 41 | 68.3 | 55.9;80.8 | 3.15 | 1.80;5.51 | 1.94 | 1.08;3.48 |
| Medical consultation in the previous 12 months | |||||||
| No | 45 | 24.7 | 17.6;31.8 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 411 | 45.7 | 42.5;48.9 | 2.56 | 1.79;3.68 | 2.29 | 1.56;3.35 |
| Undertake physical activity during leisure time | |||||||
| Yes | 98 | 31.6 | 26.2;37.1 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| No | 358 | 46.4 | 43.0;49.9 | 1.88 | 1.42;2.48 | 1.78 | 1.32;2.39 |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | |||||||
| ≥ 5 days a week | 149 | 37.3 | 32.5;42.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | |
| < 5 days a week | 307 | 45.0 | 41.3;48.7 | 1.37 | 1.06;1.77 | 1.54 | 1.16;2.05 |
| Tobacco user | |||||||
| No | 361 | 41.6 | 38.3;44.9 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 95 | 44.6 | 38.0;51.2 | 1.13 | 0.84;1.53 | 1.19 | 0.85;1.66 |
| Alcohol Abuser | |||||||
| No | 385 | 43.6 | 40.3;46.8 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Yes | 71 | 36.0 | 29.1;42.9 | 0.73 | 0.53;1.01 | 0.97 | 0.67;1.39 |
a Negative self-perception of health grouped into categories: fine, bad and very bad.
b Adjusted for all independent variables presented in the table.
Association between social capital indicators and negative self-perception of health, according to the different models. Cambé, PR, Southern Brazil, 2011.
| Variable | n | Crude | Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | Model 4e | Model 5f | Model 6g |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||
| Number of friends | ||||||||
| ≥ 4 | 534 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 0 to 3 | 574 | 1.54 (1.21;1.96) | 1.39 (1.08;1.80) | 1.34 (1.03;1.74) | 1.35 (1.05;1.75) | 1.38 (1.06;1.78) | 1.39 (1.07;1.80) | 1.31 (1.01;1.70) |
| Borrowed moneya | ||||||||
| ≥ 1 | 784 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| None | 297 | 1.32 (1.01;1.73) | 1.17 (0.88;1.56) | 1.13 (0.85;1.51) | 1.14 (0.86;1.52) | 1.16 (0.87;1.54) | 1.17 (0.88;1.56) | 1.10 (0.83;1.47) |
| Trust in people | ||||||||
| Positive | 455 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Negative | 626 | 1.11 (0.87;1.42) | 1.04 (0.81;1.35) | 1.00 (0.77;1.29) | 1.01 (0.78;1.32) | 1.04 (0.80;1.34) | 1.04 (0.81;1.35) | 0.97 (0.75;1.26) |
| Frequency of help given | ||||||||
| Always/Almost always | 492 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Sometimes/Rarely/Never | 589 | 1.29 (1.01;1.64) | 1.30 (1.01;1.68) | 1.24 (0.96;1.60) | 1.28 (0.99;1.65) | 1.28 (0.99;1.65) | 1.30 (1.01;1.68) | 1.21 (0.94;1.57) |
| Security in the neighborhood | ||||||||
| Safe | 740 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Violent/Medium | 341 | 1.53 (1.18;1.97) | 1.33 (1.01;1.74) | 1.27 (0.97;1.68) | 1.30 (0.99;1.71) | 1.32 (1.00;1.73) | 1.33 (1.01;1.74) | 1.25 (0.94;1.65) |
| Community participation | ||||||||
| Participated | 521 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Did not participate | 560 | 1.42 (1.11;1.80) | 1.39 (1.07;1.80) | 1.31 (1.01;1.70) | 1.34 (1.03;1.74) | 1.38 (1.06;1.79) | 1.39 (1.07;1.80) | 1.26 (0.97;1.65) |
a Variable expressed in number of people who would lend money, if needed.
b Adjusted for demographic and clinical variables (sex, age group, economic status, body mass index, walking difficulty and medical consultation in the previous 12 months).
c Adjusted for demographic and clinical variables + physical inactivity during leisure time.
d Adjusted for demographic and clinical variables + low/moderate fruits and vegetable consumption.
e Adjusted for demographic and clinical variables + tobacco use.
f Adjusted for demographic and clinical variables + alcohol abuse.
g Adjusted for demographic and clinical variables + alcohol abuse + smoking and low fruit and vegetable consumption and physical inactivity during leisure time.
Analysis of the mediating role of health-related behaviors in the relationship between the social capital indicators and self-perception of health.*
| Mediator effect | Beta a × Beta b | Sobel Test (Z) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity during leisure time | |||
| Number of friends |
|
|
|
| Financial help | 0.192 | 1.71 | 0.085 |
| Trust in people |
|
|
|
| Frequency of help given |
|
|
|
| Security in the neighborhood |
|
|
|
| Community participation |
|
|
|
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | |||
| Number of friends | 0.143 | 1.80 | 0.072 |
| Financial help | 0.148 | 1.69 | 0.089 |
| Trust in people | 0.121 | 1.58 | 0.113 |
| Frequency of help given | 0.089 | 1.24 | 0.214 |
| Security in the neighborhood | 0.125 | 1.52 | 0.127 |
| Community participation |
|
|
|
| Tobacco user | |||
| Number of friends | 0.090 | 1.29 | 0.197 |
| Financial help | 0.061 | 1.02 | 0.306 |
| Trust in people | 0.038 | 0.79 | 0.431 |
| Frequency of help given | 0.138 | 1.37 | 0.169 |
| Security in the neighborhood | 0.058 | 1.01 | 0.310 |
| Community participation | 0.065 | 0.09 | 0.877 |
| Alcohol Abuser | |||
| Number of friends | 0.008 | 0.28 | 0.781 |
| Financial help | 0.001 | 0.13 | 0.890 |
| Trust in people | 0.003 | 0.21 | 0.832 |
| Frequency of help given | 0.022 | 0.25 | 0.800 |
| Security in the neighborhood | 0.006 | 0.24 | 0.810 |
| Community participation | 0.001 | 0.15 | 0.877 |
* All the analyses were adjusted for the sociodemographic variables.
Statistically significance values are presented in bold.
Relação entre autopercepção negativa de saúdea e indicadores demográficos, clínicos e comportamentais. Cambé, PR, Brasil, 2011. (N = 1.081)
| Variável | Autopercepção negativa de saúde | ORbruto | IC95% | ORajustado b | IC95% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | IC95% | |||||
| Total | 456 | 42,2 | 39,2;45,1 | – | – | – | – |
| Sexo | |||||||
| Masculino | 173 | 34,8 | 30,5;39,1 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| Feminino | 283 | 48,5 | 44,5;52,4 | 1,76 | 1,37;2,25 | 1,68 | 1,26;2,24 |
| Faixa etária (em anos) | |||||||
| 40 a 49 | 154 | 34,4 | 29,8;38,9 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| 50 a 59 | 170 | 49,6 | 44,4;54,8 | 1,87 | 1,41;2,50 | 1,77 | 1,30;2,41 |
| ≥ 60 | 132 | 45,5 | 39,9;51,2 | 1,60 | 1,18;2,16 | 1,48 | 1,06;2,09 |
| p de tendência linear | 0,001 | 0,011 | |||||
| Nível econômico | |||||||
| A ou B (mais alto) | 145 | 34,9 | 30,2;39,7 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| C | 261 | 46,0 | 42,0;50,1 | 1,59 | 1,22;2,06 | 1,29 | 0,97;1,70 |
| D ou E (mais baixo) | 50 | 50,5 | 40,8;60,2 | 1,90 | 1,22;2,96 | 1,26 | 0,77;2,05 |
| p de tendência linear | < 0,001 | 0,141 | |||||
| Índice de massa corporal | |||||||
| Normal (< 25 kg/m2) | 129 | 37,7 | 30,5;42,9 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| Sobrepeso (25-29,9 kg/m2) | 157 | 38,0 | 33,3;42,7 | 1,01 | 0,75;1,36 | 1,00 | 0,73;1,37 |
| Obesidade (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 170 | 52,1 | 46,8;57,5 | 1,80 | 1,32;2,45 | 1,52 | 1,09;2,12 |
| p de tendência linear | < 0,001 | 0,011 | |||||
| Dificuldade de deslocamento | |||||||
| Não possui | 415 | 40,6 | 37,6;43,7 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| Possui | 41 | 68,3 | 55,9;80,8 | 3,15 | 1,80;5,51 | 1,94 | 1,08;3,48 |
| Consulta médica nos últimos 12 meses | |||||||
| Não | 45 | 24,7 | 17,6;31,8 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 411 | 45,7 | 42,5;48,9 | 2,56 | 1,79;3,68 | 2,29 | 1,56;3,35 |
| Prática de atividade física no lazer | |||||||
| Sim | 98 | 31,6 | 26,2;37,1 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| Não | 358 | 46,4 | 43,0;49,9 | 1,88 | 1,42;2,48 | 1,78 | 1,32;2,39 |
| Consumo de frutas e verduras | |||||||
| ≥ 5 dias por semana | 149 | 37,3 | 32,5;42,2 | 1,0 | 1,0 | – | |
| < 5 dias por semana | 307 | 45,0 | 41,3;48,7 | 1,37 | 1,06;1,77 | 1,54 | 1,16;2,05 |
| Tabagismo | |||||||
| Não | 361 | 41,6 | 38,3;44,9 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 95 | 44,6 | 38,0;51,2 | 1,13 | 0,84;1,53 | 1,19 | 0,85;1,66 |
| Consumo abusivo de álcool | |||||||
| Não | 385 | 43,6 | 40,3;46,8 | 1,0 | – | 1,0 | – |
| Sim | 71 | 36,0 | 29,1;42,9 | 0,73 | 0,53;1,01 | 0,97 | 0,67;1,39 |
a Autopercepção negativa de saúde agrupa as categorias: regular, ruim e muito ruim.
b Ajustado por todas as variáveis independentes apresentadas na tabela.
Associação entre indicadores de capital social e autopercepção negativa de saúde, conforme diferentes modelos. Cambé, PR, Brasil, 2011.
| Variável | n | Bruto | Modelo 1b | Modelo 2c | Modelo 3d | Modelo 4e | Modelo 5f | Modelo 6g |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (IC95%) | OR (IC95%) | OR (IC95%) | OR (IC95%) | OR (IC95%) | OR (IC95%) | OR (IC95%) | ||
| Número de amigos | ||||||||
| ≥ 4 | 534 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,00 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| 0 a 3 | 574 | 1,54 (1,21;1,96) | 1,39 (1,08;1,80) | 1,34 (1,03;1,74) | 1,35 (1,05;1,75) | 1,38 (1,06;1,78) | 1,39 (1,07;1,80) | 1,31 (1,01;1,70) |
| Dinheiro emprestadoa | ||||||||
| ≥ 1 | 784 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Nenhuma | 297 | 1,32 (1,01;1,73) | 1,17 (0,88;1,56) | 1,13 (0,85;1,51) | 1,14 (0,86;1,52) | 1,16 (0,87;1,54) | 1,17 (0,88;1,56) | 1,10 (0,83;1,47) |
| Confiança nas pessoas | ||||||||
| Positiva | 455 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Negativa | 626 | 1,11 (0,87;1,42) | 1,04 (0,81;1,35) | 1,00 (0,77;1,29) | 1,01 (0,78;1,32) | 1,04 (0,80;1,34) | 1,04 (0,81;1,35) | 0,97 (0,75;1,26) |
| Frequência de ajuda | ||||||||
| Sempre/Quase sempre | 492 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Algumas vezes/Raramente/Nunca | 589 | 1,29 (1,01;1,64) | 1,30 (1,01;1,68) | 1,24 (0,96;1,60) | 1,28 (0,99;1,65) | 1,28 (0,99;1,65) | 1,30 (1,01;1,68) | 1,21 (0,94;1,57) |
| Segurança no bairro | ||||||||
| Pacífico | 740 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Violento/Médio | 341 | 1,53 (1,18;1,97) | 1,33 (1,01;1,74) | 1,27 (0,97;1,68) | 1,30 (0,99;1,71) | 1,32 (1,00;1,73) | 1,33 (1,01;1,74) | 1,25 (0,94;1,65) |
| Participação comunitária | ||||||||
| Participou | 521 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 | 1,0 |
| Não participou | 560 | 1,42 (1,11;1,80) | 1,39 (1,07;1,80) | 1,31 (1,01;1,70) | 1,34 (1,03;1,74) | 1,38 (1,06;1,79) | 1,39 (1,07;1,80) | 1,26 (0,97;1,65) |
a Variável expressa em número de pessoas que emprestariam dinheiro, caso fosse necessário.
b Ajustado pelas variáveis demográficas e clínicas (sexo, faixa etária, nível econômico, índice de massa corporal, dificuldade de deslocamento e consulta médica nos últimos 12 meses).
c Ajustados pelas variáveis demográficas e clínicas + inatividade física no lazer.
d Ajustados pelas variáveis demográficas e clínicas + baixo/moderado consumo de frutas e verduras.
e Ajustados pelas variáveis demográficas e clínicas + tabagismo.
f Ajustados pelas variáveis demográficas e clínicas + consumo abusivo de álcool.
g Ajustados pelas variáveis demográficas e clínicas + tabagismo + consumo abusivo de álcool e baixo consumo de frutas e verduras e inatividade física no lazer.
Análise do papel mediador dos comportamentos relacionados à saúde na relação entre os indicadores de capital social e a autopercepção de saúde.*
| Efeito mediador | Beta a × Beta b | Teste Sobel (Z) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atividade física no lazer | |||
| Número de amigos |
|
|
|
| Auxílio financeiro | 0,192 | 1,71 | 0,085 |
| Confiança nas pessoas |
|
|
|
| Frequência de ajuda |
|
|
|
| Segurança no bairro |
|
|
|
| Participação comunitária |
|
|
|
| Consumo de frutas e verduras | |||
| Número de amigos | 0,143 | 1,80 | 0,072 |
| Auxílio financeiro | 0,148 | 1,69 | 0,089 |
| Confiança nas pessoas | 0,121 | 1,58 | 0,113 |
| Frequência de ajuda | 0,089 | 1,24 | 0,214 |
| Segurança no bairro | 0,125 | 1,52 | 0,127 |
| Participação comunitária |
|
|
|
| Tabagismo | |||
| Número de amigos | 0,090 | 1,29 | 0,197 |
| Auxílio financeiro | 0,061 | 1,02 | 0,306 |
| Confiança nas pessoas | 0,038 | 0,79 | 0,431 |
| Frequência de ajuda | 0,138 | 1,37 | 0,169 |
| Segurança no bairro | 0,058 | 1,01 | 0,310 |
| Participação comunitária | 0,065 | 0,09 | 0,877 |
| Consumo abusivo de álcool | |||
| Número de amigos | 0,008 | 0,28 | 0,781 |
| Auxílio financeiro | 0,001 | 0,13 | 0,890 |
| Confiança nas pessoas | 0,003 | 0,21 | 0,832 |
| Frequência de ajuda | 0,022 | 0,25 | 0,800 |
| Segurança no bairro | 0,006 | 0,24 | 0,810 |
| Participação comunitária | 0,001 | 0,15 | 0,877 |
* Todas as análises foram ajustadas para as variáveis sociodemográficas.
Valores com significância estatística apresentados em negrito.