Michael Oresto Munishi1, Rachel Hanisch2, Oscar Mapunda1, Theonest Ndyetabura1, Arnold Ndaro1, Joachim Schüz2, Gibson Kibiki1, Valerie McCormack3. 1. Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania. 2. Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France. 3. Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France. mccormackv@iarc.fr.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Hot beverage consumption has been linked to oesophageal squamous cell cancer (EC), but its contribution to the poorly understood East African EC corridor is not known. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of general-population residents in Kilimanjaro, North Tanzania, tea drinking temperatures and times were measured. Using linear regression models, we compared drinking temperatures to those in previous studies, by socio-demographic factors and tea type ("milky tea" which can be 50 % or more milk and water boiled together vs "black tea" which has no milk). RESULTS: Participants started drinking at a mean of 70.6 °C (standard deviation 3.9, n = 188), which exceeds that in all previous studies (p ≤ 0.01 for each). Tea type, gender and age were associated with drinking temperatures. After mutual adjustment for each other, milky tea drinkers drank their tea 1.9 °C (95 % confidence interval: 0.9, 2.9) hotter than drinkers of black tea, largely because black tea cooled twice as fast as milky tea. Men commenced drinking tea 0.9 °C (-0.2, 2.1) hotter than women did and finished their cups 30 (-9, 69) seconds faster. 70 % and 39 % of milky and black tea drinkers, respectively, reported a history of tongue burning. CONCLUSIONS: Hot tea consumption, especially milky tea, may be an important and modifiable risk factor for EC in Tanzania. The contribution of this habit to EC risk needs to be evaluated in this setting, jointly with that of the many risk factors acting synergistically in this multi-factorial disease.
PURPOSE:Hot beverage consumption has been linked to oesophageal squamous cell cancer (EC), but its contribution to the poorly understood East African EC corridor is not known. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of general-population residents in Kilimanjaro, North Tanzania, tea drinking temperatures and times were measured. Using linear regression models, we compared drinking temperatures to those in previous studies, by socio-demographic factors and tea type ("milky tea" which can be 50 % or more milk and water boiled together vs "black tea" which has no milk). RESULTS:Participants started drinking at a mean of 70.6 °C (standard deviation 3.9, n = 188), which exceeds that in all previous studies (p ≤ 0.01 for each). Tea type, gender and age were associated with drinking temperatures. After mutual adjustment for each other, milky tea drinkers drank their tea 1.9 °C (95 % confidence interval: 0.9, 2.9) hotter than drinkers of black tea, largely because black tea cooled twice as fast as milky tea. Men commenced drinking tea 0.9 °C (-0.2, 2.1) hotter than women did and finished their cups 30 (-9, 69) seconds faster. 70 % and 39 % of milky and black tea drinkers, respectively, reported a history of tongue burning. CONCLUSIONS:Hot tea consumption, especially milky tea, may be an important and modifiable risk factor for EC in Tanzania. The contribution of this habit to EC risk needs to be evaluated in this setting, jointly with that of the many risk factors acting synergistically in this multi-factorial disease.
Entities:
Keywords:
Hot beverages; Oesophageal cancer; Tanzania; Tea
Authors: Annette Roug; Andres Perez; Jonna A K Mazet; Deana L Clifford; Elizabeth VanWormer; Goodluck Paul; Rudovick R Kazwala; Woutrina A Smith Journal: Prev Vet Med Date: 2014-05-05 Impact factor: 2.670
Authors: Farin Kamangar; Michele M Schantz; Christian C Abnet; Renato B Fagundes; Sanford M Dawsey Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2008-05 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Jacques Ferlay; Isabelle Soerjomataram; Rajesh Dikshit; Sultan Eser; Colin Mathers; Marise Rebelo; Donald Maxwell Parkin; David Forman; Freddie Bray Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2014-10-09 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Michael M Mwachiro; Robert K Parker; Natalie R Pritchett; Justus O Lando; Sinkeet Ranketi; Gwen Murphy; Robert Chepkwony; Stephen L Burgert; Christian C Abnet; Mark D Topazian; Sanford M Dawsey; Russell E White Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Date: 2019-03-26 Impact factor: 2.984
Authors: G Murphy; V McCormack; B Abedi-Ardekani; M Arnold; M C Camargo; N A Dar; S M Dawsey; A Etemadi; R C Fitzgerald; D E Fleischer; N D Freedman; A M Goldstein; S Gopal; M Hashemian; N Hu; P L Hyland; B Kaimila; F Kamangar; R Malekzadeh; C G Mathew; D Menya; G Mulima; M M Mwachiro; A Mwasamwaja; N Pritchett; Y-L Qiao; L F Ribeiro-Pinto; M Ricciardone; J Schüz; F Sitas; P R Taylor; K Van Loon; S-M Wang; W-Q Wei; C P Wild; C Wu; C C Abnet; S J Chanock; P Brennan Journal: Ann Oncol Date: 2017-09-01 Impact factor: 32.976
Authors: V A McCormack; D Menya; M O Munishi; C Dzamalala; N Gasmelseed; M Leon Roux; M Assefa; O Osano; M Watts; A O Mwasamwaja; B T Mmbaga; G Murphy; C C Abnet; S M Dawsey; J Schüz Journal: Int J Cancer Date: 2016-08-24 Impact factor: 7.396
Authors: Torin Schaafsma; Jon Wakefield; Rachel Hanisch; Freddie Bray; Joachim Schüz; Edward J M Joy; Michael J Watts; Valerie McCormack Journal: PLoS One Date: 2015-10-08 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Katherine Van Loon; Michael M Mwachiro; Christian C Abnet; Larry Akoko; Mathewos Assefa; Stephen L Burgert; Steady Chasimpha; Charles Dzamalala; David E Fleischer; Satish Gopal; Prasad G Iyer; Bongani Kaimila; Violet Kayamba; Paul Kelly; Maria E Leon; Christopher G Mathew; Diana Menya; Daniel Middleton; Yohannie Mlombe; Blandina T Mmbaga; Elia Mmbaga; Gift Mulima; Gwen Murphy; Beatrice Mushi; Ally Mwanga; Amos Mwasamwaja; M Iqbal Parker; Natalie Pritchett; Joachim Schüz; Mark D Topazian; Russell E White; Valerie McCormack; Sanford M Dawsey Journal: J Glob Oncol Date: 2018-09