Giulio Zuccoli1, Michael Paul Yannes2, Raffaele Nardone3, Ariel Bailey4, Amy Goldstein5. 1. Section of Neuroradiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA. giulio.zuccoli@gmail.com. 2. Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 3. Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. 4. Department of Radiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA. 5. Department of Neurology, Section of Metabolic Disorders and Neurogenetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In children, many inherited or acquired neurological disorders may cause bilateral symmetrical signal intensity alterations in the basal ganglia and thalami. METHODS: A literature review was aimed at assisting neuroradiologists, neurologists, infectious diseases specialists, and pediatricians to provide further understanding into the clinical and neuroimaging features in pediatric patients presenting with bilateral symmetrical basal ganglia and thalamic lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: We discuss hypoxic-ischemic, toxic, infectious, immune-mediated, mitochondrial, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders affecting the basal ganglia and thalami. CONCLUSION: Recognition and correct evaluation of basal ganglia abnormalities, together with a proper neurological examination and laboratory findings, may enable the identification of each of these clinical entities and lead to earlier diagnosis.
INTRODUCTION: In children, many inherited or acquired neurological disorders may cause bilateral symmetrical signal intensity alterations in the basal ganglia and thalami. METHODS: A literature review was aimed at assisting neuroradiologists, neurologists, infectious diseases specialists, and pediatricians to provide further understanding into the clinical and neuroimaging features in pediatric patients presenting with bilateral symmetrical basal ganglia and thalamic lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: We discuss hypoxic-ischemic, toxic, infectious, immune-mediated, mitochondrial, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders affecting the basal ganglia and thalami. CONCLUSION: Recognition and correct evaluation of basal ganglia abnormalities, together with a proper neurological examination and laboratory findings, may enable the identification of each of these clinical entities and lead to earlier diagnosis.
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