Ronald T Seel1, John D Corrigan2, Marcel P Dijkers3, Ryan S Barrett4, Jennifer Bogner2, Randall J Smout4, William Garmoe5, Susan D Horn4. 1. Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA. Electronic address: ron_seel@shepherd.org. 2. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 3. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. 4. Institute for Clinical Outcomes Research, International Severity Information Systems, Salt Lake City, UT. 5. Medstar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe patients' level of effort in occupational, physical, and speech therapy sessions during traumatic brain injury (TBI) inpatient rehabilitation and to evaluate how age, injury severity, cognitive impairment, and time are associated with effort. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Acute TBI rehabilitation programs. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=1946) receiving 138,555 therapy sessions. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effort in rehabilitation sessions rated on the Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale, FIM, Comprehensive Severity Index brain injury severity score, posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), and Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS). RESULTS: The Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale effort ratings in individual therapy sessions closely conformed to a normative distribution for all 3 disciplines. Mean Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale ratings for patients' therapy sessions were higher in the discharge week than in the admission week (P<.001). For patients who completed 2, 3, or 4 weeks of rehabilitation, differences in effort ratings (P<.001) were observed between 5 subgroups stratified by admission FIM cognitive scores and over time. In linear mixed-effects modeling, age and Comprehensive Severity Index brain injury severity score at admission, days from injury to rehabilitation admission, days from admission, and daily ratings of PTA and ABS score were predictors of level of effort (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients' level of effort can be observed and reliably rated in the TBI inpatient rehabilitation setting using the Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale. Patients who sustain TBI show varying levels of effort in rehabilitation therapy sessions, with effort tending to increase over the stay. PTA and agitated behavior are primary risk factors that substantially reduce patient effort in therapies.
OBJECTIVE: To describe patients' level of effort in occupational, physical, and speech therapy sessions during traumatic brain injury (TBI) inpatient rehabilitation and to evaluate how age, injury severity, cognitive impairment, and time are associated with effort. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Acute TBI rehabilitation programs. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (N=1946) receiving 138,555 therapy sessions. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effort in rehabilitation sessions rated on the Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale, FIM, Comprehensive Severity Index brain injury severity score, posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), and Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS). RESULTS: The Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale effort ratings in individual therapy sessions closely conformed to a normative distribution for all 3 disciplines. Mean Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale ratings for patients' therapy sessions were higher in the discharge week than in the admission week (P<.001). For patients who completed 2, 3, or 4 weeks of rehabilitation, differences in effort ratings (P<.001) were observed between 5 subgroups stratified by admission FIM cognitive scores and over time. In linear mixed-effects modeling, age and Comprehensive Severity Index brain injury severity score at admission, days from injury to rehabilitation admission, days from admission, and daily ratings of PTA and ABS score were predictors of level of effort (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS:Patients' level of effort can be observed and reliably rated in the TBI inpatient rehabilitation setting using the Rehabilitation Intensity of Therapy Scale. Patients who sustain TBI show varying levels of effort in rehabilitation therapy sessions, with effort tending to increase over the stay. PTA and agitated behavior are primary risk factors that substantially reduce patient effort in therapies.
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