Ning An1, Xinmei Luo2, Sujuan Ye2, Yu Wang2, Weihan Yang2, Qianqian Jiang2, Wen Zhu2. 1. Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People' Hospital, 610072 Chengdu, China. 2. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: WIF-1 is an important tumor-suppressing gene in lung cancer, and its encoding protein WIF-1 can reduce proliferation and promote apoptosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in lung cancer. This study constructs a eukaryotic expression plasmid carrying WIF-1 using FDA-approved clinical plasmid pVAX and explores the anti-tumor effect of pVAX-WIF-1 on A549 lung cancer cells in vitro and vivo. METHODS: The DNA fragment of human WIF-1 coding sequence was amplified by PCR and was cloned into the multiple cloning sites of eukaryotic expression vector pVAX to construct pVAX-WIF-1. A recombinant plasmid was transfected into lung cancer A549 cells, and the expression of WIF-1 genes was verified by Western blot after transfection. Subsequently, the effect of pVAX-WIF-1 on cell apoptosis and proliferation was identified by MTT assay, staining A549 cells with Hoechst 3235, and flow cytometry. Finally, the A549 subcutaneous xenograft was established to detect the effect of pVAX-WIF-1 on lung tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS: The results of restriction enzyme digestion, PCR, and sequencing indicated that eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX-WIF-1 was successfully constructed. The protein expression level of WIF-1 was increased in the transfected A549 cells. Further results showed that transfection with pVAX-WIF-1 significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in A549 cells. Moreover, pVAX-WIF-1 significantly inhibited the tumor growth of the A549 subcutaneous xenograft in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pVAX-WIF-1 was successfully constructed. Transfection with pVAX-WIF-1 could significantly inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of lung cancer A549 cells and also effectively inhibit the tumor growth of the A549 subcutaneous xenograft in vivo. Our research can contribute to clinical applications of WIF-1 in lung cancer gene therapy.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:WIF-1 is an important tumor-suppressing gene in lung cancer, and its encoding protein WIF-1 can reduce proliferation and promote apoptosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in lung cancer. This study constructs a eukaryotic expression plasmid carrying WIF-1 using FDA-approved clinical plasmid pVAX and explores the anti-tumor effect of pVAX-WIF-1 on A549 lung cancer cells in vitro and vivo. METHODS: The DNA fragment of humanWIF-1 coding sequence was amplified by PCR and was cloned into the multiple cloning sites of eukaryotic expression vector pVAX to construct pVAX-WIF-1. A recombinant plasmid was transfected into lung cancerA549 cells, and the expression of WIF-1 genes was verified by Western blot after transfection. Subsequently, the effect of pVAX-WIF-1 on cell apoptosis and proliferation was identified by MTT assay, staining A549 cells with Hoechst 3235, and flow cytometry. Finally, the A549 subcutaneous xenograft was established to detect the effect of pVAX-WIF-1 on lung tumor growth in vivo. RESULTS: The results of restriction enzyme digestion, PCR, and sequencing indicated that eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX-WIF-1 was successfully constructed. The protein expression level of WIF-1 was increased in the transfected A549 cells. Further results showed that transfection with pVAX-WIF-1 significantly inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in A549 cells. Moreover, pVAX-WIF-1 significantly inhibited the tumor growth of the A549 subcutaneous xenograft in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pVAX-WIF-1 was successfully constructed. Transfection with pVAX-WIF-1 could significantly inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of lung cancerA549 cells and also effectively inhibit the tumor growth of the A549 subcutaneous xenograft in vivo. Our research can contribute to clinical applications of WIF-1 in lung cancer gene therapy.
肺癌是目前全世界发病率和病死率最高的恶性肿瘤。常规的放化疗和手术都难以取得较好的疗效,以致于其5年生存率只有15%-20%。目前认为肺癌发生发展的主要原因之一是由于基因表达异常导致细胞内信号通路紊乱。因此,通过靶向信号通路中的成员来调控异常的信号通路是突破肺癌治疗瓶颈的一种有效的治疗方法。其中,信号通路的特异性拮抗剂已被认为是靶向信号通路异常的极具前景的方法。Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路,是控制个体生长发育的重要通路之一,参与胚胎发育的全部过程,包括胚胎发生时早期体轴形成、细胞分化及各种器官发育[。Wnt配体与Frizzled受体结合后引发糖原合成激酶-3β(GSK-3β)从APC/Axin/GSK-3 β复合体移位及后续的一系列反应。当没有接受Wnt信号时,细胞间粘附衔接蛋白或共转录因子(β-catenin)被APC/Axin/GSK-3β复合物靶向性降解。当存在Wnt信号时,Wnt配体与细胞膜上的Fz受体家族及低密度脂蛋白相关蛋白家族的LRP5/6相结合,激活胞内的散乱蛋白(Dishevelled, Dvl),从而引发GSK-3β从APC/Axin/GSK-3β复合体移位,进一步抑制APC/Axin/GSK-3β复合物降解细胞质中游离的β-catenin,导致β-catenin稳定存在且逐渐累积,进入细胞核后与LEF/TCF等转录因子结合,最终激活Wnt基因[。目前研究表明,Wnt/β-catenin信号传导通路异常与肺癌的发生、预后、治疗抵抗相关,其中拮抗因子失活是造成肺癌中Wnt/β-catenin异常激活的重要原因[。WIF-1是Wnt/β-catenin信号通路重要的拮抗剂之一,其编码蛋白WIF-1通过在细胞外隙与WNT配体结合,抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路[。在肺癌中,Wissmann等[发现WIF-1基因在非小细胞肺癌中因甲基化发生下调的机率为75.8%,其中腺癌占36.4%(4/11),鳞癌占95.5%(21/22)。此外,Mazieres等[也发现在18对新鲜肺癌组织中,WIF-1基因启动子甲基化占到83%(15/18)。Korobko等[也分析了48例肺癌患者,其中67%的肺癌病例中出现WIF-1基因表达下调。因此,WIF-1的失活可能是肺癌中Wnt/β-catenin通路异常激活的重要原因。在已有的关于WIF-1抗肺癌的研究中,Kim等[利用pcDNA3.1载体构建了pcDNA3.1-WIF-1质粒,通过转染A549和H460细胞,已经证实WIF-1具有促进肺癌细胞的凋亡作用,并且伴随Wnt/β-catenint通路下游靶基因cylcin D1和c-myc的转录下调。而美国食品和药品管理委员会(Food and Drug Admistraton, FDA)批准用于动物实验的载体必须具备卡那抗性,以此来替代pcDNA3.1中的氨苄霉素抗性筛选基因,最大程度地减少抗性筛选基因和人类基因组发生重组的可能性,减少治疗风险[。因此,为了将来将WIF-1应用于临床的需要,我们将WIF-1的DNA片段连接到含有卡那抗性的pVAX载体上,构建pVAX-WIF-1真核表达质粒,进一步探究pVAX-WIF-1对肺癌细胞的作用影响。本研究拟构建pVAX-WIF-1真核表达质粒载体,初步探讨pVAX-WIF-1转染A549细胞后WIF-1蛋白表达水平的变化,在体外对肺癌细胞凋亡及增殖的影响,及在体内对肺癌肿瘤生长的抑制作用。本研究旨在为WIF-1基因治疗进入临床提供实验基础。
Construction of eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX-WIF-1. A: Construction of pVAX-WIF-1 plasmid. M: Marker(DL2000); 1: PCR products of WIF-1; 2: The digested and purified PCR products; 3: The digested and purified pVAX; 4: The positive clones confirmed by PCR; 5: The positive clones confirmed by double restriction enzyme digestion; B: Sequencing analysis of the positive clones (Part of the sequence).
真核表达质粒pVAX-WIF-1的构建。A:质粒pVAX-WIF-1的构建。M:Marker(DL2000);1:WIF-1 PCR产物;2:WIF-1 PCR产物经HindⅢ和XbaⅠ切割并纯化;3:载体pVAX经HindⅢ和XbaⅠ切割并纯化;4:阳性克隆的PCR鉴定;5:阳性克隆的双酶切鉴定;B:阳性克隆的测序鉴定(因序列过长,此处只显示以起始码开始的部分测序结果)。Construction of eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX-WIF-1. A: Construction of pVAX-WIF-1 plasmid. M: Marker(DL2000); 1: PCR products of WIF-1; 2: The digested and purified PCR products; 3: The digested and purified pVAX; 4: The positive clones confirmed by PCR; 5: The positive clones confirmed by double restriction enzyme digestion; B: Sequencing analysis of the positive clones (Part of the sequence).
Western blot检测A549细胞转染pVAX-WIF-1 48 h后WIF-1基因的蛋白表达水平
Protein expression level of WIF-1 in A549 cells transfected with pVAX-WIF-1 for 48 h by Western blot analysis
Western blot检测A549细胞转染pVAX-WIF-1 48 h后WIF-1基因的蛋白表达水平Protein expression level of WIF-1 in A549 cells transfected with pVAX-WIF-1 for 48 h by Western blot analysis
Inhibition of cell proliferation of A549 cells after transfection with pVAX-WIF-1 by MTT assay. **: P < 0.01.
MTT法检测转染pVAX-WIF-1基因对A549细胞生长的影响。**:P < 0.01。Inhibition of cell proliferation of A549 cells after transfection with pVAX-WIF-1 by MTT assay. **: P < 0.01.
WIF-1基因转染A549细胞48 h后对细胞凋亡的影响。A:Hoechest3235染色检测A549细胞转染pVAX-WIF-1的细胞凋亡形态;B:流式细胞术检测WIF-1基因对A549细胞凋亡的影响;C:流式数据统计细胞凋亡率。**: P < 0.01。
Induction of apoptosis of A549 cells transfected with pVAX-WIF-1 for 48 h. A: Detection of A549 cell apoptosis by Hoechst staining; B: Detection of A549 cell apoptosis by FCM; C: Cell apoptosis ratio of lung cancer A549 cells by FCM. **: P < 0.01.
WIF-1基因转染A549细胞48 h后对细胞凋亡的影响。A:Hoechest3235染色检测A549细胞转染pVAX-WIF-1的细胞凋亡形态;B:流式细胞术检测WIF-1基因对A549细胞凋亡的影响;C:流式数据统计细胞凋亡率。**: P < 0.01。Induction of apoptosis of A549 cells transfected with pVAX-WIF-1 for 48 h. A: Detection of A549 cell apoptosis by Hoechst staining; B: Detection of A549 cell apoptosis by FCM; C: Cell apoptosis ratio of lung cancerA549 cells by FCM. **: P < 0.01.
Tumor growth inhibition of pVAX-WIF-1 in vivo. A: The expression of pVAX-WIF-1 in subcutaneous tumor; B: The curve of subcutaneous tumor volume; C: The picture of subcutaneous tumors peeled from mice after treatment; D: Relative growth inhibition of subcutaneous tumor; E: Subcutaneous tumor mice body weight curve. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01.
pVAX-WIF-1对小鼠皮下瘤的抑制效果。A:pVAX-WIF-1在皮下瘤瘤内的表达情况;B:皮下瘤瘤体治疗期间生长曲线;C:治疗结束后剥离的小鼠皮下瘤;D:皮下瘤生长相对抑制率;E:皮下瘤小鼠治疗期间体重变化。*:P < 0.05,**:P < 0.01。Tumor growth inhibition of pVAX-WIF-1 in vivo. A: The expression of pVAX-WIF-1 in subcutaneous tumor; B: The curve of subcutaneous tumor volume; C: The picture of subcutaneous tumors peeled from mice after treatment; D: Relative growth inhibition of subcutaneous tumor; E: Subcutaneous tumormice body weight curve. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01.
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