Khalil Murad1, David C Goff2, Timothy M Morgan3, Gregory L Burke3, Traci M Bartz4, Jorge R Kizer5, Sarwat I Chaudhry6, John S Gottdiener7, Dalane W Kitzman8. 1. Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 2. Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado. 3. Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. 4. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. 5. Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. 6. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. 7. Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland. 8. Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Electronic address: dkitzman@wakehealth.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant comorbidities and measures of physical and cognitive impairment in elderly persons with incident heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND: Comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments are common in the elderly and often associated with greater mortality risk. METHODS: We examined the prevalence of 9 comorbidities and 4 measures of functional and cognitive impairments in 558 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study who developed incident HF between 1990 and 2002. Participants were followed prospectively until mid-2008 to determine their mortality risk. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 79.2 ± 6.3 years with 52% being men. Sixty percent of participants had ≥3 comorbidities, and only 2.5% had none. Twenty-two percent and 44% of participants had ≥1 activity of daily living (ADL) and ≥1 instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) impaired respectively. Seventeen percent of participants had cognitive impairment (modified mini-mental state exam score <80, scores range between 0 and 100). During follow up, 504 participants died, with 1-, 5-, and 10-year mortality rates of 19%, 56%, and 83%, respectively. In a multivariable-adjusted model, the following were significantly associated with greater total mortality risk: diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33 to 2.03), chronic kidney disease (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.62 for moderate disease; HR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.82 to 4.95 for severe), cerebrovascular disease (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.92), depression (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.90), functional impairment (HR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.63 for 1 IADL impaired; HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.04 for ≥2 IADL impaired), and cognitive impairment (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.73). Other comorbidities (hypertension, coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, atrial fibrillation, and obstructive airway disease) and measures of functional impairments (ADLs and 15-ft walk time) were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with incident HF have a high burden of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments. Some of these conditions are associated with greater mortality risk.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant comorbidities and measures of physical and cognitive impairment in elderly persons with incident heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND: Comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments are common in the elderly and often associated with greater mortality risk. METHODS: We examined the prevalence of 9 comorbidities and 4 measures of functional and cognitive impairments in 558 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study who developed incident HF between 1990 and 2002. Participants were followed prospectively until mid-2008 to determine their mortality risk. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 79.2 ± 6.3 years with 52% being men. Sixty percent of participants had ≥3 comorbidities, and only 2.5% had none. Twenty-two percent and 44% of participants had ≥1 activity of daily living (ADL) and ≥1 instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) impaired respectively. Seventeen percent of participants had cognitive impairment (modified mini-mental state exam score <80, scores range between 0 and 100). During follow up, 504 participants died, with 1-, 5-, and 10-year mortality rates of 19%, 56%, and 83%, respectively. In a multivariable-adjusted model, the following were significantly associated with greater total mortality risk: diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33 to 2.03), chronic kidney disease (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.62 for moderate disease; HR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.82 to 4.95 for severe), cerebrovascular disease (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.92), depression (HR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.90), functional impairment (HR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.63 for 1 IADL impaired; HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.04 for ≥2 IADL impaired), and cognitive impairment (HR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.73). Other comorbidities (hypertension, coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, atrial fibrillation, and obstructive airway disease) and measures of functional impairments (ADLs and 15-ft walk time) were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with incident HF have a high burden of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments. Some of these conditions are associated with greater mortality risk.
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