Madelung deformity and Madelung-type deformities: a review of the clinical and radiological characteristics.

Madelung deformity of the distal radius results from premature closure of the medial volar aspect of the distal radial physis, leading to increased volar tilt and increased inclination of the radial articular surface, triangulation of the carpus with proximal migration of the lunate and dorsal displacement of the distal ulna. The deformity is particularly common in Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, but it may also occur in isolation. True Madelung deformity can be differentiated from Madelung-type deformities by the presence of an anomalous radiolunate ligament (Vickers ligament). In this article, we will review the imaging characteristics of true Madelung deformity, including the common "distal radius" variant, the less common "entire radius" variant and "reverse" Madelung deformity. We will discuss the role of the Vickers ligament in disease pathogenesis and its use in differentiating true Madelung deformity from Madelung-type deformities arising from trauma or multiple hereditary exostoses. Surgical management of these patients will also be addressed.