Abhishek Gulati1,2, James M Faed3, Geoffrey K Isbister4, Stephen B Duffull5. 1. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, R2 Building, 950 West Walnut Avenue, 4th Floor, Room E471, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA. agulati@iu.edu. 2. School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. agulati@iu.edu. 3. Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 4. School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. 5. School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Dosing of enoxaparin, like other anticoagulants, may result in bleeding following excessive doses and clot formation if the dose is too low. We recently showed that a factor Xa based clotting time test could potentially assess the effect of enoxaparin on the clotting system. However, the test did not perform well in subsequent individuals and effectiveness of an exogenous phospholipid, Actin FS, in reducing the variability in the clotting time was assessed. The aim of this work was to conduct an adaptive pilot study to determine the range of concentrations of Xa and Actin FS to take forward into a proof-of-concept study. METHODS: A nonlinear parametric function was developed to describe the response surface over the factors of interest. An adaptive method was used to estimate the parameters using a D-optimal design criterion. In order to provide a reasonable probability of observing a success of the clotting time test, a P-optimal design criterion was incorporated using a loss function to describe the hybrid DP-optimality. RESULTS: The use of adaptive DP-optimality method resulted in an efficient estimation of model parameters using data from only 6 healthy volunteers. The use of response surface modelling identified a range of sets of Xa and Actin FS concentrations, any of which could be used for the proof-of-concept study. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that parsimonious adaptive DP-optimal designs may provide both precise parameter estimates for response surface modelling as well as clinical confidence in the potential benefits of the study.
PURPOSE: Dosing of enoxaparin, like other anticoagulants, may result in bleeding following excessive doses and clot formation if the dose is too low. We recently showed that a factor Xa based clotting time test could potentially assess the effect of enoxaparin on the clotting system. However, the test did not perform well in subsequent individuals and effectiveness of an exogenous phospholipid, Actin FS, in reducing the variability in the clotting time was assessed. The aim of this work was to conduct an adaptive pilot study to determine the range of concentrations of Xa and Actin FS to take forward into a proof-of-concept study. METHODS: A nonlinear parametric function was developed to describe the response surface over the factors of interest. An adaptive method was used to estimate the parameters using a D-optimal design criterion. In order to provide a reasonable probability of observing a success of the clotting time test, a P-optimal design criterion was incorporated using a loss function to describe the hybrid DP-optimality. RESULTS: The use of adaptive DP-optimality method resulted in an efficient estimation of model parameters using data from only 6 healthy volunteers. The use of response surface modelling identified a range of sets of Xa and Actin FS concentrations, any of which could be used for the proof-of-concept study. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that parsimonious adaptive DP-optimal designs may provide both precise parameter estimates for response surface modelling as well as clinical confidence in the potential benefits of the study.