Dirk L Christensen1,2, Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen3,4, Louise Birkegaard1, David L Mwaniki5, Michael K Boit6, Beatrice Kilonzo5, Søren Brage7, Henrik Friis3, Inge Tetens8, Knut Borch-Johnsen9, Dorte Vistisen2. 1. a Department of Public Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark . 2. b Steno Diabetes Center , Gentofte , Denmark . 3. c Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark . 4. d Department of Infectious Diseases , National University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) , Copenhagen , Denmark . 5. e KEMRI , Nairobi , Kenya . 6. f Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science , Kenyatta University , Nairobi , Kenya . 7. g Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK . 8. h National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Søborg , Denmark , and. 9. i Holbæk Hospital , Holbæk , Denmark.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The relationship between metabolic disease and the non-modifiable risk factors sex, age and ethnicity in Africans is not well-established. AIM: This study aimed to describe sex, age and ethnicity differences in blood pressure (BP) and lipid status in rural Kenyans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among rural Kenyans. BP and pulse rate (PR) were measured while sitting and fasting blood samples were taken for analysis of standard lipid profile. Standard anthropometric measurements were collected. Physical activity energy expenditure was obtained objectively and lifestyle data were obtained using questionnaires. RESULTS: In total, 1139 individuals (61.0% women) participated aged 17-68 years. Age was positively associated with BP and plasma cholesterol levels. Sitting PR was negatively associated with age in women only (sex-interaction p < 0.001). Ethnicity did not modify any of the age-associations with haemodynamic or lipid outcomes. Differences in intercept between women and men were found in all parameters except for diastolic BP (p = 0.154), with men having lower HDL-C but higher values in all other cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: BP and plasma cholesterol levels increase with age at a similar gradient in men and women, but absolute levels of the majority of the risk factors were higher in men.
BACKGROUND: The relationship between metabolic disease and the non-modifiable risk factors sex, age and ethnicity in Africans is not well-established. AIM: This study aimed to describe sex, age and ethnicity differences in blood pressure (BP) and lipid status in rural Kenyans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among rural Kenyans. BP and pulse rate (PR) were measured while sitting and fasting blood samples were taken for analysis of standard lipid profile. Standard anthropometric measurements were collected. Physical activity energy expenditure was obtained objectively and lifestyle data were obtained using questionnaires. RESULTS: In total, 1139 individuals (61.0% women) participated aged 17-68 years. Age was positively associated with BP and plasma cholesterol levels. Sitting PR was negatively associated with age in women only (sex-interaction p < 0.001). Ethnicity did not modify any of the age-associations with haemodynamic or lipid outcomes. Differences in intercept between women and men were found in all parameters except for diastolic BP (p = 0.154), with men having lower HDL-C but higher values in all other cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: BP and plasma cholesterol levels increase with age at a similar gradient in men and women, but absolute levels of the majority of the risk factors were higher in men.
Entities:
Keywords:
Dyslipidaemia; hypertension; sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jerry C Lee; Kate Westgate; Michael K Boit; David L Mwaniki; Festus K Kiplamai; Henrik Friis; Inge Tetens; Dirk L Christensen; Soren Brage Journal: Am J Hum Biol Date: 2018-12-10 Impact factor: 1.937
Authors: Tracy Bonsu Osei; Anne-Marieke van Dijk; Sjoerd Dingerink; Felix Patience Chilunga; Erik Beune; Karlijn Anna Catharina Meeks; Silver Bahendeka; Matthias Bernd Schulze; Charles Agyemang; Mary Nicolaou; Adriaan Georgius Holleboom; Ina Danquah Journal: Nutrients Date: 2021-10-20 Impact factor: 5.717