Alex H Kral1, Lynn Wenger2, Scott P Novak2, Daniel Chu3, Karen F Corsi4, Diana Coffa5, Brad Shapiro6, Ricky N Bluthenthal7. 1. RTI International, 351 California Street Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA. Electronic address: akral@rti.org. 2. RTI International, 351 California Street Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA. 3. Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Soto Street Building, SSB, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Rm 302R, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90032-3628, USA. Electronic address: rbluthen@usc.edu. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver School of Medicine, 1557 Ogden St., Denver, CO 80218, USA. Electronic address: Karen.Corsi@ucdenver.edu. 5. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. 6. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. 7. Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute for Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Soto Street Building, SSB, 2001 N. Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Rm 302R, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90032-3628, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Clinical, experimental, and ethnographic research suggests that cannabis may be used to help manage pain. Ethnographic research has revealed that some people are using cannabis to temper their illicit opioid use. We seek to learn if there is an association between cannabis use and the frequency of nonmedical opioid use among people who inject drugs (PWID). METHODS: PWID were recruited using targeted sampling methods in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California, 2011-2013. We limited analysis to people who used opioids in past 30 days (N=653). OUTCOME VARIABLE: number of times used any opioids non-medically in past 30 days. Explanatory variable: any cannabis use past 30 days. STATISTICS: multivariable linear regression with a log-transformed outcome variable. RESULTS: About half reported cannabis use in the past 30 days. The mean and median number of times using opioids in past 30 days were significantly lower for people who used cannabis than those who did not use cannabis (mean: 58.3 vs. 76.4 times; median: 30 vs 60 times, respectively; p<0.003). In multivariable analysis, people who used cannabis used opioids less often than those who did not use cannabis (Beta: -0.346; 95% confidence interval: -0.575, -0.116; p<0.003). CONCLUSIONS: There is a statistical association between recent cannabis use and lower frequency of nonmedical opioid use among PWID. This may suggest that PWID use cannabis to reduce their pain and/or nonmedical use of opioids. However, more research, including prospective longitudinal studies, is needed to determine the validity of these findings.
BACKGROUND: Clinical, experimental, and ethnographic research suggests that cannabis may be used to help manage pain. Ethnographic research has revealed that some people are using cannabis to temper their illicit opioid use. We seek to learn if there is an association between cannabis use and the frequency of nonmedical opioid use among people who inject drugs (PWID). METHODS: PWID were recruited using targeted sampling methods in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California, 2011-2013. We limited analysis to people who used opioids in past 30 days (N=653). OUTCOME VARIABLE: number of times used any opioids non-medically in past 30 days. Explanatory variable: any cannabis use past 30 days. STATISTICS: multivariable linear regression with a log-transformed outcome variable. RESULTS: About half reported cannabis use in the past 30 days. The mean and median number of times using opioids in past 30 days were significantly lower for people who used cannabis than those who did not use cannabis (mean: 58.3 vs. 76.4 times; median: 30 vs 60 times, respectively; p<0.003). In multivariable analysis, people who used cannabis used opioids less often than those who did not use cannabis (Beta: -0.346; 95% confidence interval: -0.575, -0.116; p<0.003). CONCLUSIONS: There is a statistical association between recent cannabis use and lower frequency of nonmedical opioid use among PWID. This may suggest that PWID use cannabis to reduce their pain and/or nonmedical use of opioids. However, more research, including prospective longitudinal studies, is needed to determine the validity of these findings.
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