| Literature DB >> 26044049 |
Abstract
PURPOSE: This school-level longitudinal study examined 7 years of clinical performance data to determine differences (effects) in students and annual changes within a school and between schools; examine how much their predictors (characteristics) influenced the variation in student performance; and calculate estimates of the schools' initial status and growth.Entities:
Keywords: Clinical performance examination; Longitudinal studies; Multilevel analysis; Quasi-longitudinal data; School effect
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26044049 PMCID: PMC8813332 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2015.27.2.107
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Korean J Med Educ ISSN: 2005-727X
Annual Differences between 3rd and 4th Grade
| Variable | Year | |||||||
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| 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | ||
| No. of schools | 3rd grade | 10 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 5 | ||
| 4th grade | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 10 | 18 | 17 | |
| 3rd & 4th | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Total | 11 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | |
| No. of students | 3rd grade | 770 | 1,597 | 1,596 | 1,320 | 577 | 22 | 24 |
| 4th grade | 128 | 415 | 339 | 322 | 1,004 | 1,479 | 1,854 | |
| Total | 898 | 2,012 | 1,935 | 1,642 | 1,581 | 1,501 | 1,878 | |
| Grade differences | General evaluation |
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| History taking |
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| Physical examination |
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| Clinical courtesy |
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| Patient education |
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p<0.05,
p<0.01.
Descriptive Statistics of the Clinical Performance Examination Scores
| Level | Grade name | 2005~2008 (3rd grade) | 2009~2011 (4th grade) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Mean | SD | Min | Max | No. | Mean | SD | Min | Max | ||
| 1 | SCORE | ||||||||||
| TOT | 5,283 | 50 | 7 | 1.72 | 72.6 | 4,337 | 50 | 7 | 18.67 | 79.31 | |
| GE | 5,283 | 50 | 7 | 10.83 | 73 | 4,337 | 50 | 7 | 11.36 | 81.64 | |
| HT | 5,283 | 50 | 7 | 9.8 | 78.71 | 4,337 | 50 | 7 | 20.66 | 72.87 | |
| PX | 5,283 | 50 | 7 | 20.92 | 75.12 | 4,337 | 50 | 7 | 20.29 | 74.60 | |
| CC | 5,283 | 50 | 7 | 18.19 | 71.72 | 4,337 | 50 | 7 | 19.08 | 72.98 | |
| EDU | 4,890 | 50 | 7 | 20.36 | 69.12 | 4,139 | 50 | 7 | 19.43 | 66.17 | |
| PPI | 5,283 | 50 | 7 | 4.34 | 73.62 | 4,337 | 50 | 7 | 3.70 | 84.29 | |
| Above 50 | |||||||||||
| TOT_50 | 5,283 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 4,337 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| GE_50 | 5,283 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 4,337 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| HT_50 | 5,283 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 4,337 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| PX_50 | 5,283 | 0.48 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 4,337 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| CC_50 | 5,283 | 0.52 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 4,337 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| EDU_50 | 4,890 | 0.46 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 4,139 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| PPI_50 | 5,283 | 0.53 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 4,337 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 | |
| CASE | 5,283 | 7.50 | 1.7 | 5 | 10 | 4,337 | 7.51 | 2.52 | 1 | 15 | |
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| 2 | % of 50 | ||||||||||
| TOT_50M | 60 | 0.50 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 52 | 0.48 | 0.21 | 0 | 1 | |
| GE_50M | 60 | 0.51 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.88 | 52 | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0 | 0.91 | |
| HT_50M | 60 | 0.50 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.91 | 52 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0 | 1 | |
| PE_50M | 60 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 52 | 0.49 | 0.26 | 0 | 1 | |
| CC_50M | 60 | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.96 | 52 | 0.51 | 0.24 | 0 | 1 | |
| EDU_50M | 60 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 52 | 0.49 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.92 | |
| PPI_50M | 60 | 0.52 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.86 | 52 | 0.49 | 0.20 | 0 | 1 | |
| TIME | 60 | 1.65 | 1.05 | 0 | 3 | 52 | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0 | 2 | |
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| 3 | School type | 18 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0 | 2 |
| SCALE | 18 | 1.11 | 0.90 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 1.11 | 0.90 | 0 | 2 | |
| KMLE | 18 | 93.67 | 3.03 | 89.8 | 99 | 18 | 93.67 | 3.03 | 89.80 | 99 | |
SD: Standard deviation, SCORES: TOT (total), GE (general evaluation), HT (history taking), PX (physical examination), CC (clinical courtesy), EDU (patient education), PPI (patient-physician interaction), CASE: The number of the case which students were evaluated, Average % of over 50 scores: TOT_50, GE_50, HT_50, PX_50, CC_50, EDU_50, PPI_50, YEAR: 3rd 2005 (0), 2006 (1), 2007 (2), 2008 (3), 4th 2009 (0), 2010 (1), 2011 (2), School type: undergraduate (0), undergraduate+graduate (1), graduate (2), SCALE: The mean number of student (examinee) in a school under 50 (0), 50~100 (1), over 100 (2), KMLE: The mean passing % of Korean licensing examination in a school.
Fig. 1.The Unconditional Model: % of Variance Component of Score
STU: Student difference, WN SCH: Within school difference, BW SCH: Between school differences, PX: Physical examination, EDU: Patient education, CC: Clinical courtesy, HT: History taking, TOT: Total score, GE: General evaluation, PPI: Patient-physician interaction.
The Conditional Model: Estimate Results of Predictive Variables
| Total | GE | HT | PX | CC | EDU | PPI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005~2008 (3rd grade) | ||||||||
| Intercept | 44.993[ | 44.581[ | 44.978[ | 45.147[ | 44.331[ | 44.676[ | 44.264[ | |
| Level 1 | Above 50 | 9.993[ | 10.797[ | 10.271[ | 9.992[ | 10.747[ | 10.732[ | 10.653[ |
| Case | -0.023 | -0.165[ | 0.014 | 0.020 | -0.134[ | -0.199 | 0.033 | |
| Level 2 | % of 50 | 6.250[ | 4.492[ | 5.892[ | 6.952[ | 3.806[ | 1.340 | 5.309[ |
| Level 3 | School type | 0.126 | -0.106 | -0.050 | -0.012 | 0.096 | 0.279 | -0.010 |
| Scale | -0.216 | 0.036 | -0.182 | -0.030 | 0.001 | 0.109 | 0.109 | |
| KMLE | 0.043 | -0.001 | 0.007 | 0.064[ | 0.054 | -0.029 | 0.048[ | |
| Explained (%) | Student | 55.7 | 60.5 | 58.3 | 56.7 | 61.1 | 60.1 | 59.2 |
| Within school | 95.1 | 85.3 | 94.6 | 94.1 | 83.8 | 62.8 | 92.2 | |
| Between school | 98.8 | 98.7 | 99.5 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 93.7 | 99.9 | |
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| 2009~2011 (4th grade) | ||||||||
| Intercept | 44.405[ | 44.832[ | 44.343[ | 44.797[ | 44.952[ | 45.182[ | 44.234[ | |
| Level 1 | Above 50 | 10.254[ | 10.616[ | 10.197[ | 10.040[ | 9.665[ | 10.856[ | 10.702[ |
| Case | -0.055 | -0.038 | -0.065 | 0.245 | -0.417[ | -0.114 | -0.057 | |
| Level 2 | % of 50 | 6.574[ | 4.286[ | 6.381[ | 5.457[ | 5.348[ | 0.678 | 3.203[ |
| Level 3 | School type | 0.032 | -0.153 | 0.073 | -0.127 | -0.113 | -0.445[ | 0.092 |
| Scale | -0.163 | 0.010 | -0.059 | -0.085 | 0.065 | -0.161 | 0.077 | |
| KMLE | 0.000 | 0.038 | 0.018 | -0.122[ | 0.044 | 0.019 | -0.045 | |
| Explained (%) | Student | 57.3 | 59.0 | 57.1 | 57.9 | 53.9 | 61.0 | 58.5 |
| Within school | 96.6 | 86.1 | 98.2 | 94.4 | 86.5 | 69.6 | 87.7 | |
| Between school | 99.8 | 100.0 | 72.7 | 95.5 | 99.5 | 83.8 | 99.7 | |
GE: General evaluation, HT: History taking, PX: Physical examination, CC: Clinical courtesy, EDU: Patient education, PPI: Patient-physician interaction, Above 50: Whether or not belong to the over 50 score, Case: The number of cases which student performed, School type: Medical college, graduate medical school, and co-education, Scale: The number of students, KMLE: Passing rate of licensing examination, Explained: explained % of variance.
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p=0.053.
The Estimate Results of Intercept and Slope
| Grade | Estimate | Total | GE | HT | PX | CC | EDU | PPI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Intercept | 49.528[ | 49.915[ | 49.549[ | 49.301[ | 50.175[ | 49.295[ | 49.910[ |
| Slope | 0.207 | 0.047 | 0.187 | 0.306 | 0.001 | 0.322 | 0.026 | |
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| 4 | Intercept | 49.106[ | 49.808[ | 49.170[ | 49.722[ | 49.147[ | 50.264[ | 49.764[ |
| Slope | 0.131 | -0.128 | -0.017 | 0.029 | 0.593 | -0.191 | -0.043 | |
GE: General evaluation, HT: History taking, PX: Physical examination, CC: Clinical courtesy, EDU: Patient education, PPI: Patient-physician interaction.
*p<0.05,
p<0.01.
Fig. 2.The Linear Mean Growth Model
(A) 3rd grade. (B) 4th grade.
CC: Clinical courtesy, PPI: Patient-physician interaction, HT: History taking, PX: Physical examination, EDU: Patient education.
Fig. 3.The Percent Change of over 50 Score by Year (Physical Examination)
(A) All schools. (B) Low achievement schools.