Ablative therapies: Advantages and disadvantages of radiofrequency, cryotherapy, microwave and electroporation methods, or how to choose the right method for an individual patient?

Several ablation techniques are currently available. Except for electroporation, all of these methods cause fatal damage at a cellular level and irreversible architectural deconstruction at a tissue level by thermal effects. Ablation of a tumor using one of these techniques, whether thermal or otherwise, requires applicators to be positioned from which the energy is delivered in situ. Some techniques, however, require several applicators to be inserted (multibipolar radiofrequency, cryotherapy and electroporation) whereas a single applicator is often sufficient with other technologies (monopolar radiofrequency and microwave). These methods are conceptually very similar but are distinguished from each other in practice through the technologies they use. It is essential to understand these differences as they influence the advantages and limitations of each of the techniques. There is no such thing as the perfect multifunctional ablation device and choice is dictated on an individual patient basis depending on the aim of treatment, which itself depends on each patient's clinical situation.