Monica M Santisteban1, Niousha Ahmari1, Jessica Marulanda Carvajal1, Michael B Zingler1, Yanfei Qi1, Seungbum Kim1, Jessica Joseph1, Fernando Garcia-Pereira1, Richard D Johnson1, Vinayak Shenoy1, Mohan K Raizada2, Jasenka Zubcevic2. 1. From the Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., J.M.C., M.B.Z., S.K., J.J., M.K.R.), Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (N.A., F.G.-P., R.D.J., J.Z.), Cardiology, College of Medicine (Y.Q.), and Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville. 2. From the Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine (M.M.S., J.M.C., M.B.Z., S.K., J.J., M.K.R.), Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine (N.A., F.G.-P., R.D.J., J.Z.), Cardiology, College of Medicine (Y.Q.), and Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy (V.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville. mraizada@ufl.edu jasenkaz@ufl.edu.
Abstract
RATIONALE: Microglial activation in autonomic brain regions is a hallmark of neuroinflammation in neurogenic hypertension. Despite evidence that an impaired sympathetic nerve activity supplying the bone marrow (BM) increases inflammatory cells and decreases angiogenic cells, little is known about the reciprocal impact of BM-derived inflammatory cells on neuroinflammation in hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that proinflammatory BM cells from hypertensive animals contribute to neuroinflammation and hypertension via a brain-BM interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS: After BM ablation in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and reconstitution with normotensive Wistar Kyoto rat BM, the resultant chimeric spontaneously hypertensive rats displayed significant reduction in mean arterial pressure associated with attenuation of both central and peripheral inflammation. In contrast, an elevated mean arterial pressure along with increased central and peripheral inflammation was observed in chimeric Wistar-Kyoto rats reconstituted with spontaneously hypertensive rat BM. Oral treatment with minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, attenuated hypertension in both the spontaneously hypertensive rats and the chronic angiotensin II-infused rats. This was accompanied by decreased sympathetic drive and inflammation. Furthermore, in chronic angiotensin II-infused rats, minocycline prevented extravasation of BM-derived cells to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, presumably via a mechanism of decreased C-C chemokine ligand 2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS: The BM contributes to hypertension by increasing peripheral inflammatory cells and their extravasation into the brain. Minocycline is an effective therapy to modify neurogenic components of hypertension. These observations support the hypothesis that BM-derived cells are involved in neuroinflammation, and targeting them may be an innovative strategy for neurogenic resistant hypertension therapy.
RATIONALE: Microglial activation in autonomic brain regions is a hallmark of neuroinflammation in neurogenic hypertension. Despite evidence that an impaired sympathetic nerve activity supplying the bone marrow (BM) increases inflammatory cells and decreases angiogenic cells, little is known about the reciprocal impact of BM-derived inflammatory cells on neuroinflammation in hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that proinflammatory BM cells from hypertensive animals contribute to neuroinflammation and hypertension via a brain-BM interaction. METHODS AND RESULTS: After BM ablation in spontaneously hypertensiverats, and reconstitution with normotensive Wistar Kyoto rat BM, the resultant chimeric spontaneously hypertensiverats displayed significant reduction in mean arterial pressure associated with attenuation of both central and peripheral inflammation. In contrast, an elevated mean arterial pressure along with increased central and peripheral inflammation was observed in chimeric Wistar-Kyoto rats reconstituted with spontaneously hypertensiverat BM. Oral treatment with minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, attenuated hypertension in both the spontaneously hypertensiverats and the chronic angiotensin II-infused rats. This was accompanied by decreased sympathetic drive and inflammation. Furthermore, in chronic angiotensin II-infused rats, minocycline prevented extravasation of BM-derived cells to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, presumably via a mechanism of decreased C-C chemokine ligand 2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS: The BM contributes to hypertension by increasing peripheral inflammatory cells and their extravasation into the brain. Minocycline is an effective therapy to modify neurogenic components of hypertension. These observations support the hypothesis that BM-derived cells are involved in neuroinflammation, and targeting them may be an innovative strategy for neurogenic resistant hypertension therapy.
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