Bleeding risk with systemic thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism: scope of the problem.

Acute pulmonary embolism represents a major complication of venous thromboembolism that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Guidelines recommend the rapid initiation of anticoagulation and consideration of thrombolytic therapy in select patients, including those with hypotension or at high risk of developing hypotension. Evaluation for thrombolytic therapy should only be considered after assessment of contraindications and risk for major bleeding. The objective of this perspective article is to evaluate the bleeding risk associated with systemic thrombolytic therapy in the management of acute pulmonary embolism and discuss strategies to minimize this risk. Risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism will be discussed to identify patient populations that warrant specific consideration of risk for major bleeding with thrombolytic therapy. In addition, the incidence, patient-specific risk factors, and pharmacologic characteristics, including concurrent anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy, will be evaluated in the context of risk for major hemorrhage. Finally, supporting evidence for strategies to minimize risk of hemorrhage, including evaluation of contraindications, weight adjusted dosing, infusion strategy and catheter-directed thrombolytic administration will be evaluated. Despite published guidelines and review articles, select aspects to thrombolytic therapy for the management of pulmonary embolism remain controversial and under recognized, including risk of major hemorrhage. When making decisions about the role of thrombolytic therapy in pulmonary embolism, clinicians must be knowledgeable about the associated risks of thrombolytic therapy and individually evaluate patient risk factors prior to determining appropriate candidacy for thrombolytic therapy. For patients considered to be at high risk of major bleeding, strategies to minimize risk should be considered, including weight-adjusted doses and catheter directed therapy. Additional research is needed specific to the acute pulmonary embolism setting to validate risk factors and strategies to minimize major hemorrhage.