J Miró1,2,3, E Castarlenas1,2,3, R de la Vega1,2,3, E Solé1,2,3, C Tomé-Pires1,2,3, M P Jensen4, J M Engel5, M Racine6,7,8. 1. Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain - ALGOS, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. 2. Department of Psychology, Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. 3. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. 4. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. 5. Department of Occupational Science and Technology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA. 6. Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. 7. Beryl & Richard Ivey Rheumatology Day Programs, St. Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. 8. Clinical and Neurological Sciences Department, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence confirming that youths with physical disabilities are at risk for chronic pain. Although many scales for assessing pain intensity exist, it is unclear whether they are all equally suitable for youths. The aim of this study was to address this knowledge gap by comparing the validity of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11), the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (FACES), and a 6-point categorical Verbal Rating Scale (VRS-6) for assessing pain intensity among youths (aged 8-20) with physical disabilities. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen youths (mean age = 14.19 years; SD = 2.9) were interviewed and asked to rate their current pain intensity and recalled (in the past week) worst, least, and average pain with the NRS-11 and the FACES. Participants were also asked to rate their average pain intensity during the past 4 weeks using a VRS-6, and were administered measures assessing pain interference, disability and psychological functioning. RESULTS: Analyses showed that all of the pain intensity measures were associated positively with each other. Nevertheless, the NRS-11 appeared to out-perform both the VRS-6 and in particular the FACES scale with respect to: (1) the associations with the validity criterion (i.e. pain interference, disability and psychological functioning) and (2) a lack of any moderating effect of age on the association between the measure and the criterion variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the validity of the NRS-11 for assessing pain intensity in youths with physical disabilities between the ages of 8 and 20 years.
BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence confirming that youths with physical disabilities are at risk for chronic pain. Although many scales for assessing pain intensity exist, it is unclear whether they are all equally suitable for youths. The aim of this study was to address this knowledge gap by comparing the validity of the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS-11), the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (FACES), and a 6-point categorical Verbal Rating Scale (VRS-6) for assessing pain intensity among youths (aged 8-20) with physical disabilities. METHODS: One hundred and thirteen youths (mean age = 14.19 years; SD = 2.9) were interviewed and asked to rate their current pain intensity and recalled (in the past week) worst, least, and average pain with the NRS-11 and the FACES. Participants were also asked to rate their average pain intensity during the past 4 weeks using a VRS-6, and were administered measures assessing pain interference, disability and psychological functioning. RESULTS: Analyses showed that all of the pain intensity measures were associated positively with each other. Nevertheless, the NRS-11 appeared to out-perform both the VRS-6 and in particular the FACES scale with respect to: (1) the associations with the validity criterion (i.e. pain interference, disability and psychological functioning) and (2) a lack of any moderating effect of age on the association between the measure and the criterion variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the validity of the NRS-11 for assessing pain intensity in youths with physical disabilities between the ages of 8 and 20 years.
Authors: Susmita Kashikar-Zuck; Stacy R Flowers; Robyn Lewis Claar; Jessica W Guite; Deirdre E Logan; Anne M Lynch-Jordan; Tonya M Palermo; Anna C Wilson Journal: Pain Date: 2011-03-31 Impact factor: 6.961
Authors: Dawn M Ehde; Mark P Jensen; Joyce M Engel; Judith A Turner; Amy J Hoffman; Diana D Cardenas Journal: Clin J Pain Date: 2003 Jan-Feb Impact factor: 3.442
Authors: Alide A Tieleman; Kathleen M Jenks; Joke S Kalkman; George Borm; Baziel G M van Engelen Journal: J Neurol Date: 2011-04-03 Impact factor: 4.849
Authors: Mark P Jensen; Catarina Tomé-Pires; Rocío de la Vega; Santiago Galán; Ester Solé; Jordi Miró Journal: Clin J Pain Date: 2017-05 Impact factor: 3.442
Authors: Rocío de la Vega; Cornelius Groenewald; Maggie H Bromberg; Sarah E Beals-Erickson; Tonya M Palermo Journal: Dev Med Child Neurol Date: 2018-02-22 Impact factor: 5.449
Authors: Rocío de la Vega; Mélanie Racine; Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez; Ester Solé; Elena Castarlenas; Mark P Jensen; Joyce Engel; Jordi Miró Journal: J Psychosom Res Date: 2016-09-10 Impact factor: 3.006
Authors: Jordi Miró; Rocío de la Vega; Catarina Tomé-Pires; Elisabet Sánchez-Rodríguez; Elena Castarlenas; Mark P Jensen; Joyce M Engel Journal: J Pain Res Date: 2017-01-05 Impact factor: 3.133
Authors: L Bellido-Fernández; J J Jiménez-Rejano; R Chillón-Martínez; M A Gómez-Benítez; M De-La-Casa-Almeida; M Rebollo-Salas Journal: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med Date: 2018-02-22 Impact factor: 2.629
Authors: Samina Ali; Manasi Rajagopal; Terry Klassen; Lawrence Richer; Christopher McCabe; Andy Willan; Maryna Yaskina; Anna Heath; Amy L Drendel; Martin Offringa; Serge Gouin; Antonia Stang; Scott Sawyer; Maala Bhatt; Serena Hickes; Naveen Poonai Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2020-06-21 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Samina Ali; Manasi Rajagopal; Jennifer Stinson; Keon Ma; Ben Vandermeer; Bailey Felkar; Kurt Schreiner; Amanda Proctor; Jennifer Plume; Lisa Hartling Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2022-03-30 Impact factor: 2.692