Andrea L Edel1, Amanda F Patenaude1, Melanie N Richard1, Elena Dibrov1, J Alejandro Austria1, Harold M Aukema2, Grant N Pierce1, Michel Aliani3. 1. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. 2. Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, 351 Tache Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. 3. Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, 351 Tache Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. aliani@cc.umanitoba.ca.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The primary endpoint was to determine the plasma concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and its metabolites, following milled flaxseed consumption at four doses. Secondary outcomes focused on plasma enterolignan concentrations and the effects on tolerability, platelet aggregation, plasma lipids and urinary thromboxane levels. METHODS:Healthy, younger adults (n = 34; 18-49 years old) were randomized into four groups consuming one muffin daily for 30 days fortified with 10, 20, 30 or 40 g of milled flaxseed. Blood and urine were collected at baseline and 4 weeks. RESULTS:Plasma ALA concentrations increased with all flaxseed doses (P < 0.01), except the 20 g/day dose (P = 0.10), yet there was no significant dose-dependent response (P = 0.81). Only with the 30 g/day diet were n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.007), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P = 0.047) increased from baseline values. Docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were not detected at any dose. Plasma total enterolignan concentrations significantly increased over time in all treatment groups, yet despite a dose-dependent tendency, no between-group differences were detected (P = 0.22). Flaxseed was well tolerated, even at the highest dose, as there were no reported adverse events, changes in cholesterol, platelet aggregation or urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy, younger adults, 10 g/day of milled flaxseed consumption is sufficient to significantly increase circulating ALA and total enterolignan concentrations; however, 30 g/day is required to convert ALA to EPA. Although all doses were well tolerated, 40 g/day is too low to attenuate cholesterol in this population.
RCT Entities:
PURPOSE: The primary endpoint was to determine the plasma concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and its metabolites, following milled flaxseed consumption at four doses. Secondary outcomes focused on plasma enterolignan concentrations and the effects on tolerability, platelet aggregation, plasma lipids and urinary thromboxane levels. METHODS: Healthy, younger adults (n = 34; 18-49 years old) were randomized into four groups consuming one muffin daily for 30 days fortified with 10, 20, 30 or 40 g of milled flaxseed. Blood and urine were collected at baseline and 4 weeks. RESULTS: Plasma ALA concentrations increased with all flaxseed doses (P < 0.01), except the 20 g/day dose (P = 0.10), yet there was no significant dose-dependent response (P = 0.81). Only with the 30 g/day diet were n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.007), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (P = 0.047) increased from baseline values. Docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were not detected at any dose. Plasma total enterolignan concentrations significantly increased over time in all treatment groups, yet despite a dose-dependent tendency, no between-group differences were detected (P = 0.22). Flaxseed was well tolerated, even at the highest dose, as there were no reported adverse events, changes in cholesterol, platelet aggregation or urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy, younger adults, 10 g/day of milled flaxseed consumption is sufficient to significantly increase circulating ALA and total enterolignan concentrations; however, 30 g/day is required to convert ALA to EPA. Although all doses were well tolerated, 40 g/day is too low to attenuate cholesterol in this population.
Authors: Karen D Coulman; Zhen Liu; John Michaelides; Winston Quan Hum; Lilian U Thompson Journal: Mol Nutr Food Res Date: 2009-11 Impact factor: 5.914
Authors: Chantal M C Dupasquier; Elena Dibrov; Annette L Kneesh; Paul K M Cheung; Kaitlin G Y Lee; Helen K Alexander; Behzad K Yeganeh; Mohammed H Moghadasian; Grant N Pierce Journal: Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol Date: 2007-07-06 Impact factor: 4.733
Authors: Edralin A Lucas; Stanley A Lightfoot; Lisa J Hammond; Latha Devareddy; Dania A Khalil; Bruce P Daggy; Brenda J Smith; Neil Westcott; Veronica Mocanu; Do Yu Soung; Bahram H Arjmandi Journal: Atherosclerosis Date: 2004-04 Impact factor: 5.162
Authors: Huiru Chang; Song Yao; David Tritchler; Meredith A Hullar; Johanna W Lampe; Lilian U Thompson; Susan E McCann Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2019-02 Impact factor: 4.254