Responses of Arabidopsis and wheat to rising CO2 depend on nitrogen source and nighttime CO2 levels.

A major contributor to the global carbon cycle is plant respiration. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations may either accelerate or decelerate plant respiration for reasons that have been uncertain. We recently established that elevated CO2 during the daytime decreases plant mitochondrial respiration in the light and protein concentration because CO2 slows the daytime conversion of nitrate (NO3 (-)) into protein. This derives in part from the inhibitory effect of CO2 on photorespiration and the dependence of shoot NO3 (-) assimilation on photorespiration. Elevated CO2 also inhibits the translocation of nitrite into the chloroplast, a response that influences shoot NO3 (-) assimilation during both day and night. Here, we exposed Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants to daytime or nighttime elevated CO2 and supplied them with NO3 (-) or ammonium as a sole nitrogen (N) source. Six independent measures (plant biomass, shoot NO3 (-), shoot organic N, (15)N isotope fractionation, (15)NO3 (-) assimilation, and the ratio of shoot CO2 evolution to O2 consumption) indicated that elevated CO2 at night slowed NO3 (-) assimilation and thus decreased dark respiration in the plants reliant on NO3 (-). These results provide a straightforward explanation for the diverse responses of plants to elevated CO2 at night and suggest that soil N source will have an increasing influence on the capacity of plants to mitigate human greenhouse gas emissions.