Literature DB >> 25698840

Mechanism of action of levonorgestrel emergency contraception.

Chris Kahlenborn1, Rebecca Peck2, Walter B Severs3.   

Abstract

There has been much debate regarding levonorgestrel emergency contraception's (LNG-EC's) method of action since 1999 when the Food and Drug Administration first approved its use. Proponents of LNG-EC have argued that they have moral certitude that LNG-EC works via a non-abortifacient mechanism of action, and claim that all the major scientific and medical data consistently support this hypothesis. However, newer medical data serve to undermine the consistency of the non-abortifacient hypothesis and instead support the hypothesis that preovulatory administration of LNG-EC has significant potential to work via abortion. The implications of the newer data have important ramifications for medical personnel, patients, and both Catholic and non-Catholic emergency room protocols. In the future, technology such as the use of early pregnancy factor may have the potential to quantify how frequently preovulatory LNG-EC works via abortion. Lay Summary: How Plan B (levonorgestrel emergency contraception) works has been vigorously debated ever since the Food and Drug Administration approved it in 1999. Many doctors and researchers claim that it has either no-or at most-an extremely small chance of working via abortion. However, the latest scientific and medical evidence now demonstrates that levonorgestrel emergency contraception theoretically works via abortion quite often. The implications of the newer data have important ramifications for medical personnel, patients, and both Catholic and non-Catholic emergency room rape protocols.

Entities:  

Keywords:  Abortion; Early pregnancy factor; Levonorgestrel emergency contraception; Moral certitude

Year:  2015        PMID: 25698840      PMCID: PMC4313438          DOI: 10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000026

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Linacre Q        ISSN: 0024-3639


  68 in total

1.  Postovulatory effects of levonorgestrel in emergency contraception.

Authors:  Carlos Y Valenzuela
Journal:  Contraception       Date:  2007-03-02       Impact factor: 3.375

2.  The early pregnancy factor (EPF) in pregnancies of women with habitual abortions.

Authors:  I Gerhard; E Katzer; B Runnebaum
Journal:  Early Hum Dev       Date:  1991 Aug-Sep       Impact factor: 2.079

3.  Levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception: real-world tolerance and efficacy.

Authors:  E Gainer; C Méry; A Ulmann
Journal:  Contraception       Date:  2001-07       Impact factor: 3.375

4.  Failure to detect altered rosette inhibition titres in human pregnancy serum.

Authors:  D W Cooper; R J Aitken
Journal:  J Reprod Fertil       Date:  1981-01

5.  Randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel versus the Yuzpe regimen of combined oral contraceptives for emergency contraception. Task Force on Postovulatory Methods of Fertility Regulation.

Authors: 
Journal:  Lancet       Date:  1998-08-08       Impact factor: 79.321

6.  A study of early pregnancy factor activity in the sera of patients with unexplained spontaneous abortion.

Authors:  H Shu-Xin; Z Zhen-Qun
Journal:  Am J Reprod Immunol       Date:  1993-03       Impact factor: 3.886

7.  Embracing post-fertilisation methods of family planning: a call to action.

Authors:  Elizabeth G Raymond; Francine Coeytaux; Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson; Kirsten Moore; James Trussell; Beverly Winikoff
Journal:  J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care       Date:  2013-10

8.  In vivo assessment of the human sperm acrosome reaction and the expression of glycodelin-A in human endometrium after levonorgestrel-emergency contraceptive pill administration.

Authors:  Josiane A A do Nascimento; Markku Seppala; Antero Perdigão; Ximena Espejo-Arce; Maria José Munuce; Laura Hautala; Riitta Koistinen; Liliana Andrade; Luis Bahamondes
Journal:  Hum Reprod       Date:  2007-05-30       Impact factor: 6.918

9.  An early pregnancy factor detected in human serum by the rosette inhibition test.

Authors:  H Morton; B Rolfe; G J Clunie
Journal:  Lancet       Date:  1977-02-19       Impact factor: 79.321

10.  In vitro assessment of some sperm function following exposure to levonorgestrel in human fallopian tubes.

Authors:  Alexia Hermanny; M Valeria Bahamondes; Francisco Fazano; Nadia M Marchi; Maria Elena Ortiz; Maria Heloisa R R Genghini; Horacio B Croxatto; Luis Bahamondes
Journal:  Reprod Biol Endocrinol       Date:  2012-01-30       Impact factor: 5.211

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  7 in total

1.  A systematic review and meta-analysis of attitude and knowledge involving emergency oral contraceptive use in patients and healthcare providers.

Authors:  Nattawut Leelakanok; Porntip Parmontree; Arpa Petchsomrit; Janthima Methaneethorn
Journal:  Int J Clin Pharm       Date:  2022-06-23

Review 2.  Does levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive have a post-fertilization effect? A review of its mechanism of action.

Authors:  Rebecca Peck; Walter Rella; Julio Tudela; Justo Aznar; Bruno Mozzanega
Journal:  Linacre Q       Date:  2016-02

3.  Population, Reproductive, and Sexual Health: Data Are Essential Where Disciplines Meet and Ideologies Conflict.

Authors:  Joseph B Stanford
Journal:  Front Public Health       Date:  2016-03-07

Review 4.  Clinical Pharmacology of Hormonal Emergency Contraceptive Pills.

Authors:  Celia M J Matyanga; Blessing Dzingirai
Journal:  Int J Reprod Med       Date:  2018-10-04

5.  Combined Intranasal Insulin/Saxagliptin/Metformin Therapies Ameliorate the Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptive- (COC-) Induced Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) with a Major Target on Glucose Metabolism in Adult Female Wistar Rats.

Authors:  Saheed Olanrewaju Afolabi; Joy Folahan; Olalekan Agede; Olufunke Olorundare
Journal:  Int J Reprod Med       Date:  2021-12-13

Review 6.  β-Lactoglobulin and Glycodelin: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Authors:  Lindsay Sawyer
Journal:  Front Physiol       Date:  2021-05-20       Impact factor: 4.566

7.  Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage after Receiving Oral Levonorgerstrel for Emergency Contraception: A Case Report.

Authors:  Athina Georgopoulou; Efthymia Papadopoulou; Marianna Moyseos; Sofia-Chrysovalantou Zagalioti; Christos Hatzis; Dimitrios Karanasios; Stavros Tryfon
Journal:  Clin Med Insights Case Rep       Date:  2021-03-27
  7 in total

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