Olujimi A Ajijola1, Daigo Yagishita2, Naveen K Reddy2, Kentaro Yamakawa3, Marmar Vaseghi1, Anthony M Downs4, Donald B Hoover4, Jeffrey L Ardell1, Kalyanam Shivkumar5. 1. UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 2. UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 3. Department of Cardiac Anesthesia, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 4. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee. 5. UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: kshivkumar@mednet.ucla.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) induces remodeling in stellate ganglion neurons (SGNs). OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether infarct site has any impact on the laterality of morphologic changes or neuropeptide expression in stellate ganglia. METHODS: Yorkshire pigs underwent left circumflex coronary artery (LCX; n = 6) or right coronary artery (RCA; n = 6) occlusion to create left- and right-sided MI, respectively (control: n = 10). At 5 ± 1 weeks after MI, left and right stellate ganglia (LSG and RSG, respectively) were collected to determine neuronal size, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. RESULTS: Compared with control, LCX and RCA MIs increased mean neuronal size in the LSG (451 ± 25 vs 650 ± 34 vs 577 ± 55 μm(2), respectively; P = .0012) and RSG (433 ± 22 vs 646 ± 42 vs 530 ± 41 μm(2), respectively; P = .002). TH immunoreactivity was present in the majority of SGNs. Both LCX and RCA MIs were associated with significant decreases in the percentage of TH-negative SGNs, from 2.58% ± 0.2% in controls to 1.26% ± 0.3% and 0.7% ± 0.3% in animals with LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for LSG (P = .001) and from 3.02% ± 0.4% in controls to 1.36% ± 0.3% and 0.68% ± 0.2% in LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for RSG (P = .002). Both TH-negative and TH-positive neurons increased in size after LCX and RCA MI. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was also increased significantly by LCX and RCA MI in both ganglia. CONCLUSION: Left- and right-sided MIs equally induced morphologic and neurochemical changes in LSG and RSG neurons, independent of infarct site. These data indicate that afferent signals transduced after MI result in bilateral changes and provide a rationale for bilateral interventions targeting the sympathetic chain for arrhythmia modulation.
BACKGROUND:Myocardial infarction (MI) induces remodeling in stellate ganglion neurons (SGNs). OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether infarct site has any impact on the laterality of morphologic changes or neuropeptide expression in stellate ganglia. METHODS: Yorkshire pigs underwent left circumflex coronary artery (LCX; n = 6) or right coronary artery (RCA; n = 6) occlusion to create left- and right-sided MI, respectively (control: n = 10). At 5 ± 1 weeks after MI, left and right stellate ganglia (LSG and RSG, respectively) were collected to determine neuronal size, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. RESULTS: Compared with control, LCX and RCA MIs increased mean neuronal size in the LSG (451 ± 25 vs 650 ± 34 vs 577 ± 55 μm(2), respectively; P = .0012) and RSG (433 ± 22 vs 646 ± 42 vs 530 ± 41 μm(2), respectively; P = .002). TH immunoreactivity was present in the majority of SGNs. Both LCX and RCA MIs were associated with significant decreases in the percentage of TH-negative SGNs, from 2.58% ± 0.2% in controls to 1.26% ± 0.3% and 0.7% ± 0.3% in animals with LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for LSG (P = .001) and from 3.02% ± 0.4% in controls to 1.36% ± 0.3% and 0.68% ± 0.2% in LCX and RCA MI, respectively, for RSG (P = .002). Both TH-negative and TH-positive neurons increased in size after LCX and RCA MI. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was also increased significantly by LCX and RCA MI in both ganglia. CONCLUSION: Left- and right-sided MIs equally induced morphologic and neurochemical changes in LSG and RSG neurons, independent of infarct site. These data indicate that afferent signals transduced after MI result in bilateral changes and provide a rationale for bilateral interventions targeting the sympathetic chain for arrhythmia modulation.
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