"Targeted" consent for pragmatic clinical trials.

Research on interventions within the standard of care has enormous potential, yet it also raises several ethical and regulatory challenges. Perhaps the most important is determining what consent process is needed for these "pragmatic" clinical trials. Some argue that pragmatic clinical trials need to obtain in-depth research consent. This approach ensures that patients are informed, but may introduce substantial selection bias and disruption of clinical care. Others argue that trials limited to interventions within the standard of care do not need to obtain research consent at all. While this approach avoids the problems with in-depth consent, it results in patients not knowing whether they are in research. The present manuscript proposes a way to avoid both sets of concerns. It argues that consent for research needs to supplement appropriate consent for standard care only to the extent that the research differs from standard care. Hence, pragmatic trials designed to mirror clinical care can obtain consent with only minimal additions to consent for standard care. This conclusion suggests that it may be possible for many pragmatic trials to obtain consent that is ethically appropriate, satisfies research regulations, and does not introduce substantial selection bias or clinical disruption.