Literature DB >> 25552964

Crystal structures of 2-meth-oxy-isoindoline-1,3-dione, 1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl methyl carbonate and 1,3-dioxo-2,3-di-hydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinolin-2-yl methyl carbonate: three anti-convulsant compounds.

Fortune Ezemobi1, Henry North2, Kenneth R Scott3, Anthohy K Wutoh3, Ray J Butcher4.   

Abstract

The title compounds, C9H7NO3, (1), n class="Chemical">C10H7NO5, (2), and C14H9NO5, (3), are three potentially anti-convulsant compounds. Compounds (1) and (2) are isoindoline derivatives and (3) is an iso-quinoline derivative. Compounds (2) and (3) crystallize with two independent mol-ecules (A and B) in their asymmetric units. In all three cases, the isoindoline and benzoiso-quinoline moieties are planar [r.m.s. deviations are 0.021 Å for (1), 0.04 and 0.018 Å for (2), and 0.033 and 0.041 Å for (3)]. The substituents attached to the N atom are almost perpendicular to the mean planes of the heterocycles, with dihedral angles of 89.7 (3)° for the N-O-Cmeth-yl group in (1), 71.01 (4) and 80.00 (4)° for the N-O-C(=O)O-Cmeth-yl groups in (2), and 75.62 (14) and 74.13 (4)° for the same groups in (3). In the crystal of (1), there are unusual inter-molecular C=O⋯C contacts of 2.794 (1) and 2.873 (1) Å present in mol-ecules A and B, respectively. There are also C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distance = 3.407 (3) Å] present, forming slabs lying parallel to (001). In the crystal of (2), the A and B mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs parallel to (10-1), which are in turn linked via a number of π-π inter-actions [the most significant centroid-centroid distances are 3.4202 (7) and 3.5445 (7) Å], forming a three-dimensional structure. In the crystal of (3), the A and B mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional structure, which is consolidated by π-π inter-actions [the most significant inter-centroid distances are 3.575 (3) and 3.578 (3) Å].

Entities:  

Keywords:  anti­convulsant; crystal structure; indoline; isoindoline; iso­quinoline

Year:  2014        PMID: 25552964      PMCID: PMC4257384          DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online        ISSN: 1600-5368


Chemical context

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a n class="Disease">neurological disorder that is defined as damage to the brain resulting from external mechanical force, including accelerating, decelerating and rotating forces (Langlois et al., 2003 ▶, 2005 ▶; Ashman et al., 2006 ▶; Coronado et al., 2011 ▶). TBI also exacerbates seizure severity in individuals with pre-existing epilepsy (Ferraro et al., 1999 ▶), being one example of the process of epileptogenesis (Christensen et al., 2009 ▶). In this context, it has been demonstrated that early lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) alter the transport dynamic of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and deteriorate the balance of the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter system (Scantlebury et al., 2005 ▶]. This neuronal dysfunction predisposes to subsequent development of spontaneous recurrent seizures in the presence of prior subtle brain malformation (Love, 2005 ▶]. TBI is the major cause of death in young individuals (14–24 years) from industrialized countries, with head injuries accounting for 25–33% of all n class="Disease">trauma-related deaths (Abdul-Muneer et al., 2014 ▶). Disorders like memory loss, depression and seizures are some of the side effects to TBI. TBI affects people over 75 years of age because of falls and of 17–25 years of age because of accidents (Langlois et al., 2003 ▶, 2005 ▶; Ashman et al., 2006 ▶; Coronado et al., 2011 ▶). At present, there are no effective treatments available for TBI and there is thus a critical need to develop novel and effective strategies to alter the disease course. As indicated above, this health condition is quite similar to epilepsy in some instances and thus our earlier work (Alexander et al., 2013 ▶; Jackson et al., 2012 ▶; Edafiogho et al., 2007 ▶) on developing anti­convulsant compounds for the treatment of epilepsy is relevant. Our research on pharmacologically active compounds is a multi-pronged approach, which involves synthesis, chemical characterization, computer modeling, pharmacological evaluation, and structure determination (North et al., 2012 ▶; Gibson et al., 2009 ▶). From this comprehensive approach, structure–activity correlations can be made to improve the existing pharmacologically active compounds. From our studies, we identified three imido­oxy derivatives as potential drug candidates for TBI that underwent anti­convulsant evaluation to test their ability to inhibit the onset of n class="Disease">seizures in the in vivo MES, scPTZ test models. The MES (maximal electroshock seizure evaluation) test presented activity in animals in phase 1 testing. 2-Meth­oxy­isoindoline-1,3-dione, (1), studied by X-ray techniques, was inactive in n class="Chemical">MES and scPTZ in mice, but showed MES protection in rat studies at 50 mg kg−1 at 4 h and also protected 1/4 mice at three different time inter­vals (0.50, 1 and 2 h) in the 6 Hz test (Jackson, 2009 ▶). For scPTZ studies, the compound was Class III (no activity at 300 mg kg−1). The compound is a dual MES/6Hz active compound. Compounds (2) and (3) showed similar activity. The title compounds, containing either an isoindoline-1,3-dione moiety, (1) (Fig. 1 ▶) and (2) (Fig. 2 ▶), or an iso­quinoline-1,3-n class="Chemical">dione moiety, (3) (Fig. 3 ▶), have been studied extensively for their anti­convulsant effects with promising results. Herein, we report on the crystal structures of these new structurally related compounds.
Figure 1

The mol­ecular structure of compound (1), with atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level.

Figure 2

The mol­ecular structures of the two independent mol­ecules (A and B) of compound (2), with atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level. The C—H⋯O hydrogen bond is shown as a dashed line (see Table 2 ▶ for details).

Figure 3

The mol­ecular structures of the two independent mol­ecules (A and B) of compound (3), with atom labelling. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level. The C—H⋯O hydrogen bond is shown as a dashed line (see Table 3 ▶ for details).

Structural commentary

In compound (1), the isoindoline ring is planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.017 (4) Å]. The meth­oxy O atom, O3, deviates from this plane by 0.176 (6) Å while the n class="Chemical">methyl C atom, C9, is out of the plane by 1.105 (9) Å. The meth­oxy substituent is oriented almost perpendicular to the indoline ring with the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the indoline ring and the meth­oxy substituent being 89.7 (3)°. In compound (2), there are two mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The isoindoline ring is planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0327 (9) for A and 0.0147 (9) Å for B] with the n class="Chemical">dione O atoms significantly out of the plane for mol­ecule A but not for mol­ecule B [0.172 (1) and 0.123 (1) Å for atoms O1 and O2, respectively, in A but by only 0.013 (1) and 0.002 (1) Å, respectively, in B]. The carbonato moiety is planar in both mol­ecules [r.m.s. deviations of 0.0066 (2) and 0.0027 (5) Å for A and B, respectively] and makes dihedral angles of 71.50 (3) and 80.03 (4)° with the benzoiso­quinoline ring in A and B, respectively, indicating that these substituents are oriented almost perpendicular to the benzoiso­quinoline ring system. In compound (3), there are also two mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In both mol­ecules, the benzoiso­quinoline ring systems are planar (r.m.s. deviations for A and B = 0.033 and 0.015 Å, respectively). The meth­oxy O atom deviates from this plane by 0.126 (1) for atom O5A in A and 0.156 (1) Å for atom O5B in B. The methyl carbonate moieties are planar [r.m.s. deviations of 0.007 (1) and 0.003 (1) Å for A and B, respectively] and these substituents are oriented almost perpendicular to the iso­quinoline rings, making dihedral angles of 71.50 (3) and 80.04 (4)° for A and B, respectively. As in (2), these dihedral angles are significantly smaller than that found for (1).

Supra­molecular features

In the crystal of (1), there are C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (Fig. 4 ▶ and Table 1 ▶) and π–π inter­actions present, forming slabs lying parallel to (001) [n class="Gene">Cg1⋯Cg2i,ii = 3.407 (3) Å; Cg1 and Cg2 are the centroids of rings N1/C1/C2/C7/C8 and C2–C7, respectively; symmetry codes: (i) x − 1, y, z; (ii) x + 1, y, z].
Figure 4

A view along the a axis of the crystal packing of compound (1), showing the formation of the three-dimensional array by an extensive network of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (shown as dashed lines; see Table 1 ▶ for details).

Table 1

Hydrogen-bond geometry (, ) for (1)

DHA DHHA D A DHA
C4H4AO2i 0.952.383.190(4)143
C9H9AO1ii 0.982.543.428(7)151
C9H9BO1iii 0.982.533.260(8)131

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) .

In the crystal of (2), the A and B mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (Fig. 5 ▶ and Table 2 ▶), forming slabs parallel to (10). The slabs are in turn linked via π–π inter­actions, forming a three-dimensional structure with centroid–centroid distances of 3.4202 (7) for n class="Gene">Cg1⋯Cg5ii and 3.5445 (7) Å for Cg2⋯Cg4ii [Cg1, Cg2, Cg4 and Cg5 are the centroids of rings N1A/C1A/C2A/C7A/C8A, C2A–C7A, N1B/C1B/C2B/C7B/C8B and C2BC7B, respectively; symmetry code: (ii) x + 1, y, z − 1].
Figure 5

A view along the a axis of the crystal packing of compound (2), showing the three-dimensional array formed by an extensive network of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (dashed lines; see Table 2 ▶ for details).

Table 2

Hydrogen-bond geometry (, ) for (2)

DHA DHHA D A DHA
C5AH5AAO3B i 0.952.543.3341(15)141
C6AH6AAO4A ii 0.952.513.4091(15)158
C3BH3BAO2A iii 0.952.593.2281(14)125
C6BH6BAO3A iv 0.952.553.3086(14)137
C10BH10FO2B v 0.982.573.4956(16)157

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) .

In the crystal of (3), the A and B mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (Fig. 6 ▶ and Table 3 ▶), forming a three-dimensional structure, which is consolidated by π–π inter­actions [n class="Gene">Cg1⋯Cg3iii = 3.578 (3), Cg2⋯Cg3iii = 3.575 (3) Å and Cg9⋯Cg10iv; Cg1, Cg2, Cg3, Cg9 and Cg10 are the centroids of rings N1A/C1A–C5A, C2A/C3A/C6A–C9A, C3A/C4A/C9A–C12A, C2B/C3B/C6B–C9B and C3B/C4B/C9B–C12B, respectively; symmetry codes: (iii) x, −y + , z − ; (iv) x, −y + , z + ].
Figure 6

For mol­ecule A in compound (2), perpendicular inter­actions between atoms O1A and C9A (shown as dashed lines) link the mol­ecules into inversion dimers [symmetry code: (A) − x + 1, − y + 2, −z].

Table 3

Hydrogen-bond geometry (, ) for (3)

DHA DHHA D A DHA
C6AH6AAO4A i 0.952.513.159(5)125
C7BH7BAO2B ii 0.952.513.229(5)133
C10BH10BO5B ii 0.952.603.428(5)146
C11BH11BO1A iii 0.952.483.270(6)141
C14AH14AO1B iv 0.982.513.481(5)169
C14BH14EO4A iv 0.982.513.306(6)138

Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) .

Inter­estingly, in the crystal of (2) one of the two dione moieties for each mol­ecule (O1A and O1B) has a short inter­molecular inter­actions with the central C atom of the carbonato group [O1A⋯C9A = 2.794 (1), O1B⋯C9B = 2.873 (1) Å], which is perpendicular to the carbonato plane indicating that botn class="Disease">h atoms, C9A and C9B, must have significant positive character. These inter­actions link the mol­ecules into dimers as shown in Figs. 6 ▶ and 7 ▶, respectively. This is also noticed to a lesser extent in (3) (Fig. 8 ▶) for mol­ecule A (but not for mol­ecule B), where a longer inter­molecular inter­action of 3.060 (3) Å is observed between atoms O2A and C13A, resulting in weakly associated dimers similar to that seen in the case of (2).
Figure 7

For mol­ecule B in compound (2), perpendicular inter­actions between atoms O1B and C9B (shown as dashed lines) link the mol­ecules into inversion dimers [symmetry code: (A) −x, −y + 1, −z − 1].

Figure 8

A view along the a axis of the crystal packing of compound (3), showing the formation of the three-dimensional array by an extensive network of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds (dashed lines; see Table 3 ▶ for details).

Database survey

A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (Version 5.35; Groom & Allen, 2014 ▶) for the indoline skeleton gave 26 hits. In all cases, the geometrical parameters of the n class="Chemical">indoline skeleton are similar to those observed in compounds (1) and (2). In the case of the iso­quinoline structure, there are only two structures containing the planar iso­quinoline moiety with similar geometrical parameters to the present structure, (3).

Synthesis and crystallization

Compound (1): To a freshly prepared solution of sodium (2.3 g, 0.10 mol) in absolute n class="Chemical">ethanol (60 ml) was added a solution of N-hy­droxy­phthalimide (16.3 g, 0.10 mol) in absolute ethanol (350 ml), and the red reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The brick-red precipitate was collected, washed with water, and dried in the oven at 373 K for 30 min to give 17.45 g (95%) of sodium phthalimide oxide as brick-red crystals; m.p. > 573 K. To the solution of sodium phthalimide oxide (0.92 g, 5 mmol) in water (15 ml) was added acetone (10 ml), followed by a solution of bromo­methane (0.66 g, 7 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, during which the red color disappeared. On standing at room temperature for 48 h, the product solidified in the aqueous mixture and was collected. Recrystallization from 2-propanol gave 0.72 g (78%) of compound (1) as plate-like colorless crystals: m.p. 395–397 K; 1H NMR (CDC13) δ 3.36 (s, 3H, J = 6 Hz, OCH3), 5.52, s, 1 H,CH, 7.87 (m, 4 H, phthalimido ring). Compound (2): To a solution of sodium phthalimide oxide (0.92 g, 5 mmol) in n class="Chemical">water (15 ml) was added acetone (10 ml), followed by a solution of bromo­(meth­oxy)methanone (0.97 g, 7 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, during which the red color disappeared. On standing at room temperature for 48 h, the product solidified in the aqueous mixture and was collected. Recrystallization from ethanol gave 0.82 g (74%) of compound (2) as colorless crystals: m.p. 410–411 K; 1H NMR (CDC13) δ 3.8 (s, 3H,OCH3), 7.86 (m, 4H, phthalimido ring). Compound (3): To a solution of sodium naphthalimide oxide, (1.18 g, 5 mmol), in n class="Chemical">water (50 ml), was added bromo­(meth­oxy)methanone (1.25g, 7 mmol) in acetone (10 ml). The red reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature. The red color disappeared within 5 min and the reaction mixture was filled with a white precipitate. After standing for 4 h, the white precipitate was collected, washed with water, and recrystallized from ethanol to give 1.46 g (89%) of compound (3) as colorless crystals: m.p. 483–485 K; 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ 3.79 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.66 (s, 1H, CH), 7.65–8.50 (m, 6 H, naphthal­imido ring).

Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details for (1), (2) and (3) are summarized in Table 4 ▶. For all three compounds, the H atoms were positioned geometrically and refined as riding: C—H = 0.93–0.99 Å with U(H) = 1.5U eq(C) for methyl n class="Disease">H atoms and = 1.2U(C) for other H atoms.
Table 4

Experimental details

 (1)(2)(3)
Crystal data
Chemical formulaC9H7NO3 C10H7NO5 C14H9NO5
M r 177.16221.17271.22
Crystal system, space groupOrthorhombic, P212121 Triclinic, P Monoclinic, P21/c
Temperature (K)123123123
a, b, c ()4.2987(4), 7.0243(10), 27.587(4)7.0363(4), 11.0082(5), 12.4239(6)16.512(3), 18.579(3), 7.6156(13)
, , ()90, 90, 9098.884(4), 96.159(4), 93.009(4)90, 99.434(17), 90
V (3)832.98(19)942.95(8)2304.6(7)
Z 448
Radiation typeMo K Cu K Mo K
(mm1)0.111.100.12
Crystal size (mm)0.66 0.23 0.040.35 0.25 0.080.44 0.12 0.07
 
Data collection
DiffractometerAgilent Xcalibur (Ruby, Gemini)SuperNova (Dual, Cu at zero, Atlas)Agilent Xcalibur (Ruby, Gemini)
Absorption correctionAnalytical (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2012)Multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2012)Analytical (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2012)
T min, T max 0.946, 0.9960.807, 1.0000.995, 0.999
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2(I)] reflections5145, 2259, 19896437, 3803, 35169949, 4156, 1898
R int 0.0870.0180.091
(sin /)max (1)0.7270.6310.600
 
Refinement
R[F 2 > 2(F 2)], wR(F 2), S 0.099, 0.229, 1.130.033, 0.089, 1.060.080, 0.224, 1.00
No. of reflections225938034156
No. of parameters119291363
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrainedH-atom parameters constrainedH-atom parameters constrained
max, min (e 3)0.50, 0.340.29, 0.210.33, 0.39

Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2012 ▶), SUPERFLIP (Palatinus Chapuis, 2007 ▶), SHELXS2013, SHELXL2013 and SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008 ▶) and SUPERFLIP (Palatinus et al. 2007 ▶).

Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) 1, 2, 3. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769/su2795sup1.cif Structure factors: contains datablock(s) 1. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769/su27951sup2.hkl Structure factors: contains datablock(s) 2. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769/su27952sup3.hkl Structure factors: contains datablock(s) 3. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769/su27953sup4.hkl Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769/su27951sup5.cml Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769/su27952sup6.cml Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536814023769/su27953sup7.cml CCDC references: 1031391, 1031392, 1031393 Additional supporting information: crystallographic information; 3D view; checkCIF report
C14H9NO5F(000) = 1120
Mr = 271.22Dx = 1.563 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/cMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 16.512 (3) ÅCell parameters from 1261 reflections
b = 18.579 (3) Åθ = 3.4–26.9°
c = 7.6156 (13) ŵ = 0.12 mm1
β = 99.434 (17)°T = 123 K
V = 2304.6 (7) Å3Needle, colorless
Z = 80.44 × 0.12 × 0.07 mm
Agilent Xcalibur (Ruby, Gemini) diffractometer4156 independent reflections
Radiation source: Enhance (Mo) X-ray Source1898 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Detector resolution: 10.5081 pixels mm-1Rint = 0.091
ω scansθmax = 25.3°, θmin = 3.3°
Absorption correction: analytical (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2012)h = −15→19
Tmin = 0.995, Tmax = 0.999k = −22→21
9949 measured reflectionsl = −9→9
Refinement on F20 restraints
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.080H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.224w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0796P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.00(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
4156 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.33 e Å3
363 parametersΔρmin = −0.39 e Å3
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.
xyzUiso*/Ueq
O1A0.3491 (2)0.31532 (15)0.1257 (5)0.0428 (9)
O2A0.5630 (2)0.44236 (15)0.4206 (4)0.0441 (9)
O3A0.4152 (2)0.43894 (14)0.2299 (4)0.0384 (9)
O4A0.3270 (2)0.41710 (15)0.4258 (4)0.0413 (9)
O5A0.31114 (19)0.50794 (14)0.2257 (4)0.0367 (8)
N1A0.4539 (3)0.37502 (17)0.2925 (5)0.0375 (10)
C1A0.4144 (3)0.3116 (2)0.2245 (7)0.0370 (12)
C2A0.4578 (3)0.2448 (2)0.2868 (6)0.0334 (11)
C3A0.5339 (3)0.2484 (2)0.4016 (6)0.0335 (11)
C4A0.5716 (3)0.3145 (2)0.4574 (6)0.0359 (12)
C5A0.5329 (3)0.3829 (2)0.3934 (6)0.0344 (12)
C6A0.4237 (3)0.1799 (2)0.2309 (6)0.0361 (12)
H6AA0.37220.17850.15430.043*
C7A0.4646 (3)0.1149 (2)0.2864 (7)0.0400 (13)
H7AA0.44150.07000.24510.048*
C8A0.5375 (3)0.1174 (2)0.3996 (7)0.0369 (12)
H8AA0.56420.07350.43760.044*
C9A0.5748 (3)0.1828 (2)0.4622 (7)0.0365 (12)
C10A0.6507 (3)0.1873 (2)0.5762 (7)0.0411 (13)
H10A0.67860.14430.61710.049*
C11A0.6852 (3)0.2519 (2)0.6293 (6)0.0385 (12)
H11A0.73650.25340.70690.046*
C12A0.6457 (3)0.3158 (2)0.5705 (6)0.0378 (12)
H12A0.67010.36060.60870.045*
C13A0.3473 (3)0.4514 (2)0.3079 (7)0.0354 (12)
C14A0.2353 (3)0.5276 (2)0.2859 (6)0.0427 (13)
H14A0.21340.57170.22530.064*
H14B0.24590.53580.41470.064*
H14C0.19530.48860.25830.064*
O1B0.1669 (2)0.82517 (15)0.5198 (4)0.0392 (8)
O2B−0.0410 (2)0.95254 (15)0.2005 (4)0.0468 (10)
O3B0.1021 (2)0.94818 (14)0.4052 (4)0.0384 (9)
O4B0.1866 (2)0.92546 (16)0.2003 (4)0.0434 (9)
O5B0.1998 (2)1.02184 (14)0.3847 (4)0.0392 (9)
N1B0.0622 (3)0.88420 (17)0.3479 (5)0.0363 (10)
C1B0.1017 (3)0.8213 (2)0.4202 (7)0.0359 (12)
C2B0.0594 (3)0.7545 (2)0.3564 (6)0.0325 (11)
C3B−0.0186 (3)0.7576 (2)0.2461 (6)0.0358 (12)
C4B−0.0567 (3)0.8244 (2)0.1926 (6)0.0349 (12)
C5B−0.0156 (3)0.8933 (2)0.2436 (7)0.0376 (12)
C6B0.0945 (3)0.6896 (2)0.4060 (6)0.0363 (12)
H6BA0.14620.68790.48200.044*
C7B0.0547 (3)0.6251 (2)0.3450 (7)0.0392 (13)
H7BA0.08030.58020.37800.047*
C8B−0.0194 (3)0.6266 (2)0.2403 (7)0.0400 (13)
H8BA−0.04540.58250.20160.048*
C9B−0.0595 (3)0.6923 (2)0.1864 (6)0.0356 (12)
C10B−0.1376 (3)0.6966 (2)0.0811 (7)0.0432 (13)
H10B−0.16520.65350.03950.052*
C11B−0.1745 (3)0.7611 (2)0.0371 (7)0.0459 (13)
H11B−0.22820.7626−0.03070.055*
C12B−0.1335 (3)0.8257 (2)0.0917 (7)0.0415 (13)
H12B−0.15920.87050.05850.050*
C13B0.1661 (3)0.9614 (2)0.3143 (7)0.0365 (12)
C14B0.2722 (3)1.0450 (2)0.3140 (7)0.0454 (14)
H14D0.29531.08800.37790.068*
H14E0.25691.05620.18710.068*
H14F0.31321.00630.32920.068*
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O1A0.037 (2)0.0392 (18)0.047 (2)0.0021 (16)−0.0087 (18)−0.0011 (15)
O2A0.044 (2)0.0267 (16)0.058 (2)−0.0019 (16)−0.0013 (18)−0.0040 (15)
O3A0.037 (2)0.0299 (16)0.046 (2)0.0043 (15)−0.0004 (17)0.0045 (14)
O4A0.048 (2)0.0313 (16)0.044 (2)0.0042 (16)0.0033 (18)0.0056 (16)
O5A0.039 (2)0.0245 (15)0.045 (2)0.0049 (15)0.0022 (17)0.0062 (14)
N1A0.038 (3)0.0219 (19)0.049 (3)0.0043 (18)−0.003 (2)−0.0012 (17)
C1A0.041 (4)0.029 (2)0.040 (3)0.001 (2)0.003 (3)0.000 (2)
C2A0.034 (3)0.026 (2)0.040 (3)−0.003 (2)0.005 (2)0.001 (2)
C3A0.036 (3)0.027 (2)0.037 (3)0.002 (2)0.005 (2)0.003 (2)
C4A0.036 (3)0.032 (2)0.038 (3)−0.002 (2)0.000 (2)−0.002 (2)
C5A0.038 (3)0.031 (3)0.033 (3)−0.003 (2)0.004 (2)0.000 (2)
C6A0.036 (3)0.035 (3)0.037 (3)−0.006 (2)0.005 (2)−0.001 (2)
C7A0.043 (4)0.029 (2)0.048 (3)−0.002 (2)0.010 (3)−0.006 (2)
C8A0.043 (4)0.029 (2)0.038 (3)0.004 (2)0.006 (3)0.002 (2)
C9A0.037 (3)0.029 (2)0.044 (3)0.002 (2)0.007 (3)−0.005 (2)
C10A0.039 (3)0.035 (3)0.048 (4)0.007 (2)0.006 (3)0.002 (2)
C11A0.029 (3)0.045 (3)0.039 (3)0.002 (2)−0.005 (2)−0.001 (2)
C12A0.042 (3)0.034 (2)0.037 (3)0.000 (2)0.004 (3)−0.009 (2)
C13A0.036 (3)0.031 (2)0.038 (3)−0.004 (2)0.003 (3)−0.003 (2)
C14A0.041 (3)0.037 (3)0.046 (3)0.002 (2)−0.002 (3)0.002 (2)
O1B0.035 (2)0.0361 (17)0.044 (2)0.0022 (16)−0.0005 (17)−0.0033 (15)
O2B0.050 (3)0.0270 (17)0.059 (3)0.0022 (16)−0.0037 (19)0.0046 (15)
O3B0.040 (2)0.0257 (16)0.048 (2)−0.0046 (15)0.0019 (18)−0.0046 (14)
O4B0.050 (2)0.0384 (18)0.041 (2)−0.0032 (16)0.0047 (18)−0.0054 (16)
O5B0.046 (2)0.0265 (16)0.043 (2)−0.0059 (15)0.0031 (17)−0.0044 (14)
N1B0.037 (3)0.0213 (19)0.046 (3)−0.0027 (18)−0.006 (2)−0.0020 (17)
C1B0.033 (3)0.036 (3)0.037 (3)0.005 (2)0.002 (3)0.001 (2)
C2B0.035 (3)0.027 (2)0.035 (3)0.001 (2)0.002 (2)−0.007 (2)
C3B0.040 (3)0.030 (2)0.038 (3)0.001 (2)0.005 (2)0.003 (2)
C4B0.033 (3)0.032 (2)0.038 (3)−0.004 (2)0.001 (2)0.000 (2)
C5B0.040 (4)0.032 (3)0.041 (3)−0.001 (2)0.006 (3)−0.002 (2)
C6B0.039 (3)0.031 (2)0.039 (3)0.001 (2)0.008 (2)0.003 (2)
C7B0.047 (4)0.025 (2)0.046 (3)0.002 (2)0.010 (3)0.003 (2)
C8B0.040 (4)0.030 (2)0.050 (4)−0.004 (2)0.006 (3)−0.002 (2)
C9B0.037 (3)0.036 (3)0.032 (3)−0.005 (2)0.003 (2)−0.002 (2)
C10B0.041 (4)0.037 (3)0.049 (3)−0.009 (2)0.000 (3)0.005 (2)
C11B0.042 (3)0.048 (3)0.045 (3)−0.006 (3)−0.001 (3)0.001 (2)
C12B0.040 (4)0.037 (3)0.046 (3)0.001 (2)0.002 (3)0.006 (2)
C13B0.036 (3)0.030 (3)0.042 (3)0.002 (2)0.000 (3)0.007 (2)
C14B0.044 (4)0.037 (3)0.055 (4)−0.010 (2)0.007 (3)0.001 (2)
O1A—C1A1.211 (6)O1B—C1B1.212 (5)
O2A—C5A1.215 (5)O2B—C5B1.204 (5)
O3A—C13A1.371 (5)O3B—C13B1.377 (5)
O3A—N1A1.395 (4)O3B—N1B1.394 (4)
O4A—C13A1.193 (5)O4B—C13B1.188 (5)
O5A—C13A1.316 (5)O5B—C13B1.326 (5)
O5A—C14A1.449 (5)O5B—C14B1.455 (5)
N1A—C1A1.403 (6)N1B—C5B1.405 (6)
N1A—C5A1.408 (6)N1B—C1B1.406 (6)
C1A—C2A1.473 (6)C1B—C2B1.468 (6)
C2A—C6A1.370 (6)C2B—C6B1.365 (6)
C2A—C3A1.409 (6)C2B—C3B1.419 (6)
C3A—C4A1.410 (6)C3B—C4B1.419 (6)
C3A—C9A1.432 (6)C3B—C9B1.427 (6)
C4A—C12A1.377 (7)C4B—C12B1.371 (7)
C4A—C5A1.471 (6)C4B—C5B1.472 (6)
C6A—C7A1.413 (6)C6B—C7B1.408 (6)
C6A—H6AA0.9500C6B—H6BA0.9500
C7A—C8A1.362 (7)C7B—C8B1.347 (7)
C7A—H7AA0.9500C7B—H7BA0.9500
C8A—C9A1.410 (6)C8B—C9B1.417 (6)
C8A—H8AA0.9500C8B—H8BA0.9500
C9A—C10A1.405 (7)C9B—C10B1.404 (7)
C10A—C11A1.361 (6)C10B—C11B1.362 (6)
C10A—H10A0.9500C10B—H10B0.9500
C11A—C12A1.392 (6)C11B—C12B1.406 (6)
C11A—H11A0.9500C11B—H11B0.9500
C12A—H12A0.9500C12B—H12B0.9500
C14A—H14A0.9800C14B—H14D0.9800
C14A—H14B0.9800C14B—H14E0.9800
C14A—H14C0.9800C14B—H14F0.9800
C13A—O3A—N1A110.9 (3)C13B—O3B—N1B111.0 (3)
C13A—O5A—C14A113.6 (3)C13B—O5B—C14B114.6 (4)
O3A—N1A—C1A115.4 (4)O3B—N1B—C5B114.5 (3)
O3A—N1A—C5A115.4 (3)O3B—N1B—C1B114.9 (4)
C1A—N1A—C5A128.4 (4)C5B—N1B—C1B130.2 (4)
O1A—C1A—N1A119.6 (4)O1B—C1B—N1B120.2 (4)
O1A—C1A—C2A125.8 (4)O1B—C1B—C2B125.7 (4)
N1A—C1A—C2A114.6 (5)N1B—C1B—C2B114.0 (5)
C6A—C2A—C3A120.9 (4)C6B—C2B—C3B120.2 (4)
C6A—C2A—C1A119.3 (5)C6B—C2B—C1B119.8 (5)
C3A—C2A—C1A119.8 (4)C3B—C2B—C1B119.9 (4)
C2A—C3A—C4A122.2 (4)C2B—C3B—C4B121.4 (4)
C2A—C3A—C9A119.0 (4)C2B—C3B—C9B119.3 (4)
C4A—C3A—C9A118.8 (5)C4B—C3B—C9B119.2 (5)
C12A—C4A—C3A120.5 (4)C12B—C4B—C3B120.1 (4)
C12A—C4A—C5A119.1 (4)C12B—C4B—C5B118.5 (4)
C3A—C4A—C5A120.4 (5)C3B—C4B—C5B121.4 (5)
O2A—C5A—N1A120.3 (4)O2B—C5B—N1B120.7 (4)
O2A—C5A—C4A125.9 (5)O2B—C5B—C4B126.7 (5)
N1A—C5A—C4A113.8 (4)N1B—C5B—C4B112.5 (4)
C2A—C6A—C7A120.5 (5)C2B—C6B—C7B120.4 (5)
C2A—C6A—H6AA119.7C2B—C6B—H6BA119.8
C7A—C6A—H6AA119.7C7B—C6B—H6BA119.8
C8A—C7A—C6A119.3 (4)C8B—C7B—C6B120.5 (4)
C8A—C7A—H7AA120.3C8B—C7B—H7BA119.8
C6A—C7A—H7AA120.3C6B—C7B—H7BA119.8
C7A—C8A—C9A122.3 (4)C7B—C8B—C9B121.7 (4)
C7A—C8A—H8AA118.8C7B—C8B—H8BA119.1
C9A—C8A—H8AA118.8C9B—C8B—H8BA119.1
C10A—C9A—C8A123.8 (4)C10B—C9B—C8B123.8 (4)
C10A—C9A—C3A118.3 (4)C10B—C9B—C3B118.4 (4)
C8A—C9A—C3A117.9 (5)C8B—C9B—C3B117.8 (5)
C11A—C10A—C9A121.6 (4)C11B—C10B—C9B121.5 (5)
C11A—C10A—H10A119.2C11B—C10B—H10B119.2
C9A—C10A—H10A119.2C9B—C10B—H10B119.2
C10A—C11A—C12A120.3 (5)C10B—C11B—C12B120.2 (5)
C10A—C11A—H11A119.9C10B—C11B—H11B119.9
C12A—C11A—H11A119.9C12B—C11B—H11B119.9
C4A—C12A—C11A120.5 (4)C4B—C12B—C11B120.5 (5)
C4A—C12A—H12A119.7C4B—C12B—H12B119.8
C11A—C12A—H12A119.7C11B—C12B—H12B119.8
O4A—C13A—O5A128.5 (4)O4B—C13B—O5B128.3 (5)
O4A—C13A—O3A126.0 (4)O4B—C13B—O3B126.9 (4)
O5A—C13A—O3A105.6 (4)O5B—C13B—O3B104.7 (4)
O5A—C14A—H14A109.5O5B—C14B—H14D109.5
O5A—C14A—H14B109.5O5B—C14B—H14E109.5
H14A—C14A—H14B109.5H14D—C14B—H14E109.5
O5A—C14A—H14C109.5O5B—C14B—H14F109.5
H14A—C14A—H14C109.5H14D—C14B—H14F109.5
H14B—C14A—H14C109.5H14E—C14B—H14F109.5
C13A—O3A—N1A—C1A75.2 (5)C13B—O3B—N1B—C5B−107.2 (4)
C13A—O3A—N1A—C5A−113.9 (4)C13B—O3B—N1B—C1B79.7 (5)
O3A—N1A—C1A—O1A−3.6 (6)O3B—N1B—C1B—O1B−2.2 (6)
C5A—N1A—C1A—O1A−173.0 (5)C5B—N1B—C1B—O1B−173.9 (5)
O3A—N1A—C1A—C2A177.8 (4)O3B—N1B—C1B—C2B−179.2 (3)
C5A—N1A—C1A—C2A8.3 (7)C5B—N1B—C1B—C2B9.1 (7)
O1A—C1A—C2A—C6A0.3 (8)O1B—C1B—C2B—C6B−1.7 (8)
N1A—C1A—C2A—C6A178.8 (4)N1B—C1B—C2B—C6B175.1 (4)
O1A—C1A—C2A—C3A179.8 (5)O1B—C1B—C2B—C3B177.2 (4)
N1A—C1A—C2A—C3A−1.6 (6)N1B—C1B—C2B—C3B−6.0 (7)
C6A—C2A—C3A—C4A178.2 (4)C6B—C2B—C3B—C4B180.0 (4)
C1A—C2A—C3A—C4A−1.3 (7)C1B—C2B—C3B—C4B1.1 (7)
C6A—C2A—C3A—C9A−1.1 (7)C6B—C2B—C3B—C9B−0.5 (7)
C1A—C2A—C3A—C9A179.4 (4)C1B—C2B—C3B—C9B−179.4 (4)
C2A—C3A—C4A—C12A179.6 (4)C2B—C3B—C4B—C12B−177.4 (4)
C9A—C3A—C4A—C12A−1.1 (7)C9B—C3B—C4B—C12B3.1 (7)
C2A—C3A—C4A—C5A−1.3 (7)C2B—C3B—C4B—C5B2.3 (7)
C9A—C3A—C4A—C5A178.0 (4)C9B—C3B—C4B—C5B−177.2 (4)
O3A—N1A—C5A—O2A−0.2 (7)O3B—N1B—C5B—O2B4.6 (6)
C1A—N1A—C5A—O2A169.3 (4)C1B—N1B—C5B—O2B176.3 (4)
O3A—N1A—C5A—C4A179.8 (3)O3B—N1B—C5B—C4B−177.6 (3)
C1A—N1A—C5A—C4A−10.7 (7)C1B—N1B—C5B—C4B−5.9 (7)
C12A—C4A—C5A—O2A5.6 (8)C12B—C4B—C5B—O2B−3.0 (8)
C3A—C4A—C5A—O2A−173.4 (5)C3B—C4B—C5B—O2B177.3 (5)
C12A—C4A—C5A—N1A−174.3 (4)C12B—C4B—C5B—N1B179.4 (4)
C3A—C4A—C5A—N1A6.6 (7)C3B—C4B—C5B—N1B−0.3 (7)
C3A—C2A—C6A—C7A−0.5 (7)C3B—C2B—C6B—C7B1.4 (7)
C1A—C2A—C6A—C7A179.0 (4)C1B—C2B—C6B—C7B−179.7 (4)
C2A—C6A—C7A—C8A1.5 (7)C2B—C6B—C7B—C8B−1.5 (7)
C6A—C7A—C8A—C9A−0.9 (7)C6B—C7B—C8B—C9B0.6 (8)
C7A—C8A—C9A—C10A−178.7 (5)C7B—C8B—C9B—C10B−178.4 (5)
C7A—C8A—C9A—C3A−0.6 (7)C7B—C8B—C9B—C3B0.3 (7)
C2A—C3A—C9A—C10A179.8 (4)C2B—C3B—C9B—C10B178.4 (4)
C4A—C3A—C9A—C10A0.5 (7)C4B—C3B—C9B—C10B−2.1 (7)
C2A—C3A—C9A—C8A1.6 (7)C2B—C3B—C9B—C8B−0.4 (7)
C4A—C3A—C9A—C8A−177.7 (4)C4B—C3B—C9B—C8B179.2 (4)
C8A—C9A—C10A—C11A178.2 (4)C8B—C9B—C10B—C11B178.1 (5)
C3A—C9A—C10A—C11A0.2 (8)C3B—C9B—C10B—C11B−0.6 (8)
C9A—C10A—C11A—C12A−0.3 (7)C9B—C10B—C11B—C12B2.3 (8)
C3A—C4A—C12A—C11A1.0 (8)C3B—C4B—C12B—C11B−1.4 (8)
C5A—C4A—C12A—C11A−178.0 (4)C5B—C4B—C12B—C11B178.9 (4)
C10A—C11A—C12A—C4A−0.3 (7)C10B—C11B—C12B—C4B−1.3 (8)
C14A—O5A—C13A—O4A−2.6 (7)C14B—O5B—C13B—O4B−1.5 (7)
C14A—O5A—C13A—O3A177.5 (3)C14B—O5B—C13B—O3B177.3 (3)
N1A—O3A—C13A—O4A6.8 (6)N1B—O3B—C13B—O4B0.7 (7)
N1A—O3A—C13A—O5A−173.3 (3)N1B—O3B—C13B—O5B−178.1 (3)
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C6A—H6AA···O4Ai0.952.513.159 (5)125
C7B—H7BA···O2Bii0.952.513.229 (5)133
C10B—H10B···O5Bii0.952.603.428 (5)146
C11B—H11B···O1Aiii0.952.483.270 (6)141
C14A—H14A···O1Biv0.982.513.481 (5)169
C14B—H14E···O4Aiv0.982.513.306 (6)138
  14 in total

1.  Two hit hypothesis for temporal lobe epilepsy.

Authors:  Rebecca Love
Journal:  Lancet Neurol       Date:  2005-08       Impact factor: 44.182

Review 2.  Neurobehavioral consequences of traumatic brain injury.

Authors:  Teresa A Ashman; Wayne A Gordon; Joshua B Cantor; Mary R Hibbard
Journal:  Mt Sinai J Med       Date:  2006-11

3.  A short history of SHELX.

Authors:  George M Sheldrick
Journal:  Acta Crystallogr A       Date:  2007-12-21       Impact factor: 2.290

4.  The Cambridge Structural Database in retrospect and prospect.

Authors:  Colin R Groom; Frank H Allen
Journal:  Angew Chem Int Ed Engl       Date:  2014-01-02       Impact factor: 15.336

5.  Mapping loci for pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure susceptibility in mice.

Authors:  T N Ferraro; G T Golden; G G Smith; P St Jean; N J Schork; N Mulholland; C Ballas; J Schill; R J Buono; W H Berrettini
Journal:  J Neurosci       Date:  1999-08-15       Impact factor: 6.167

6.  The incidence of traumatic brain injury among children in the United States: differences by race.

Authors:  Jean A Langlois; Wesley Rutland-Brown; Karen E Thomas
Journal:  J Head Trauma Rehabil       Date:  2005 May-Jun       Impact factor: 2.710

7.  Enaminones 12. An explanation of anticonvulsant activity and toxicity per Linus Pauling's clathrate hypothesis.

Authors:  Patrice L Jackson; Clive D Hanson; Alanna K Farrell; Raymond J Butcher; James P Stables; Natalie D Eddington; K R Scott
Journal:  Eur J Med Chem       Date:  2012-02-09       Impact factor: 6.514

8.  Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths--United States, 1997-2007.

Authors:  Victor G Coronado; Likang Xu; Sridhar V Basavaraju; Lisa C McGuire; Marlena M Wald; Mark D Faul; Bernardo R Guzman; John D Hemphill
Journal:  MMWR Surveill Summ       Date:  2011-05-06

9.  Febrile seizures in the predisposed brain: a new model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Authors:  Morris H Scantlebury; Steve A Gibbs; Berline Foadjo; Pablo Lema; Caterina Psarropoulou; Lionel Carmant
Journal:  Ann Neurol       Date:  2005-07       Impact factor: 10.422

Review 10.  Interactions of oxidative stress and neurovascular inflammation in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury.

Authors:  P M Abdul-Muneer; Namas Chandra; James Haorah
Journal:  Mol Neurobiol       Date:  2014-05-28       Impact factor: 5.682

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