Zhen Chen1, Liang Wen2, Marcy Martin2, Chien-Yi Hsu2, Longhou Fang2, Feng-Mao Lin2, Ting-Yang Lin2, McKenna J Geary2, Greg G Geary2, Yongli Zhao2, David A Johnson2, Jaw-Wen Chen2, Shing-Jong Lin2, Shu Chien2, Hsien-Da Huang2, Yury I Miller2, Po-Hsun Huang2, John Y-J Shyy1. 1. From Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (Z.C., L.W., M.M., L.F., T.-Y.L., M.J.C., Y.I.M., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Bioengineering (S.C.), University of California, San Diego; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Medical Institute, Houston (L.F.); Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (M.M.) and Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (D.A.J.), University of California, Riverside; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., J.-W.C., S.-J.L., P.-H.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., J.-W.C., S.-J.L., P.-H.H.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan (F.-M.L., H.-D.H.); Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, California State University, San Bernardino (G.G.); and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (Y.Z., J.Y.-J.S.). jshyy@ucsd.edu zchen@ucsd.edu. 2. From Department of Medicine, School of Medicine (Z.C., L.W., M.M., L.F., T.-Y.L., M.J.C., Y.I.M., J.Y.-J.S.) and Department of Bioengineering (S.C.), University of California, San Diego; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Medical Institute, Houston (L.F.); Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (M.M.) and Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine (D.A.J.), University of California, Riverside; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., J.-W.C., S.-J.L., P.-H.H.); Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-Y.H., J.-W.C., S.-J.L., P.-H.H.); Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology and Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan (F.-M.L., H.-D.H.); Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, California State University, San Bernardino (G.G.); and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China (Y.Z., J.Y.-J.S.).
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress activates endothelial innate immunity and disrupts endothelial functions, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide bioavailability. Here, we postulated that oxidative stress induces sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and microRNA-92a (miR-92a), which in turn activate endothelial innate immune response, leading to dysfunctional endothelium. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using cultured endothelial cells challenged by diverse oxidative stresses, hypercholesterolemic zebrafish, and angiotensin II-infused or aged mice, we demonstrated that SREBP2 transactivation of microRNA-92a (miR-92a) is oxidative stress inducible. The SREBP2-induced miR-92a targets key molecules in endothelial homeostasis, including sirtuin 1, Krüppel-like factor 2, and Krüppel-like factor 4, leading to NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibition. In endothelial cell-specific SREBP2 transgenic mice, locked nucleic acid-modified antisense miR-92a attenuates inflammasome, improves vasodilation, and ameliorates angiotensin II-induced and aging-related atherogenesis. In patients with coronary artery disease, the level of circulating miR-92a is inversely correlated with endothelial cell-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation and is positively correlated with serum level of interleukin-1β. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that SREBP2-miR-92a-inflammasome exacerbates endothelial dysfunction during oxidative stress. Identification of this mechanism may help in the diagnosis or treatment of disorders associated with oxidative stress, innate immune activation, and endothelial dysfunction.
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress activates endothelial innate immunity and disrupts endothelial functions, including endothelial nitric oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide bioavailability. Here, we postulated that oxidative stress induces sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and microRNA-92a (miR-92a), which in turn activate endothelial innate immune response, leading to dysfunctional endothelium. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using cultured endothelial cells challenged by diverse oxidative stresses, hypercholesterolemic zebrafish, and angiotensin II-infused or aged mice, we demonstrated that SREBP2 transactivation of microRNA-92a (miR-92a) is oxidative stress inducible. The SREBP2-induced miR-92a targets key molecules in endothelial homeostasis, including sirtuin 1, Krüppel-like factor 2, and Krüppel-like factor 4, leading to NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibition. In endothelial cell-specific SREBP2transgenic mice, locked nucleic acid-modified antisense miR-92a attenuates inflammasome, improves vasodilation, and ameliorates angiotensin II-induced and aging-related atherogenesis. In patients with coronary artery disease, the level of circulating miR-92a is inversely correlated with endothelial cell-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation and is positively correlated with serum level of interleukin-1β. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that SREBP2-miR-92a-inflammasome exacerbates endothelial dysfunction during oxidative stress. Identification of this mechanism may help in the diagnosis or treatment of disorders associated with oxidative stress, innate immune activation, and endothelial dysfunction.
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