INTRODUCTION: The present study, conducted between January 2004 and April 2007, explored the impact of household hygiene on the risk of bacterial diarrhea, using data from a prospective birth cohort of 348 infants in five villages in the Nile Delta in Egypt. METHODOLOGY: Neonates were enrolled at birth and followed up until 24 months of age. Children were visited twice a week to survey them for acute diarrhea. A detailed observational household hygiene survey was completed in-house every six months. Adjusted relative risk (aRR) of developing bacterial diarrhea was calculated for exposure to different hygiene variables and examined for specific bacterial pathogens. RESULTS: Exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk of bacterial diarrhea by 70%, while bacterial diarrhea cases were 2.6 times higher in the warm season. Risk of Campylobacter diarrhea increased with the absence of barriers to keep birds and animals out of the eating area, the presence of garbage containers and a bathing facility within the compound, and the presence of feces on the floor of the bathing facility. Use of municipal water for drinking and cooking was associated with a lower risk of Campylobacter diarrhea. Risk of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea increased with uncovered garbage containers and the presence of liquid materials in the garbage containers, but decreased with the use of tap water in the washing facility. CONCLUSION: The results highlight some potential targets for interventions, such as expanding municipal water supply to all houses and comprehensive mass-media awareness programs to change hygiene-promoting behaviors and practices.
INTRODUCTION: The present study, conducted between January 2004 and April 2007, explored the impact of household hygiene on the risk of bacterial diarrhea, using data from a prospective birth cohort of 348 infants in five villages in the Nile Delta in Egypt. METHODOLOGY: Neonates were enrolled at birth and followed up until 24 months of age. Children were visited twice a week to survey them for acute diarrhea. A detailed observational household hygiene survey was completed in-house every six months. Adjusted relative risk (aRR) of developing bacterial diarrhea was calculated for exposure to different hygiene variables and examined for specific bacterial pathogens. RESULTS: Exclusive breastfeeding reduced the risk of bacterial diarrhea by 70%, while bacterial diarrhea cases were 2.6 times higher in the warm season. Risk of Campylobacter diarrhea increased with the absence of barriers to keep birds and animals out of the eating area, the presence of garbage containers and a bathing facility within the compound, and the presence of feces on the floor of the bathing facility. Use of municipal water for drinking and cooking was associated with a lower risk of Campylobacter diarrhea. Risk of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea increased with uncovered garbage containers and the presence of liquid materials in the garbage containers, but decreased with the use of tap water in the washing facility. CONCLUSION: The results highlight some potential targets for interventions, such as expanding municipal water supply to all houses and comprehensive mass-media awareness programs to change hygiene-promoting behaviors and practices.
Authors: Ma Carmen E Delgado-Gardea; Patricia Tamez-Guerra; Ricardo Gomez-Flores; Francisco Javier Zavala-Díaz de la Serna; Gilberto Eroza-de la Vega; Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón; María Concepción Pérez-Recoder; Blanca Sánchez-Ramírez; María Del Carmen González-Horta; Rocío Infante-Ramírez Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2016-06-16 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Caroline Amour; Jean Gratz; Estomih Mduma; Erling Svensen; Elizabeth T Rogawski; Monica McGrath; Jessica C Seidman; Benjamin J J McCormick; Sanjaya Shrestha; Amidou Samie; Mustafa Mahfuz; Shahida Qureshi; Aneeta Hotwani; Sudhir Babji; Dixner Rengifo Trigoso; Aldo A M Lima; Ladaporn Bodhidatta; Pascal Bessong; Tahmeed Ahmed; Sadia Shakoor; Gagandeep Kang; Margaret Kosek; Richard L Guerrant; Dennis Lang; Michael Gottlieb; Eric R Houpt; James A Platts-Mills Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2016-08-07 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: K Osbjer; S Boqvist; S Sokerya; K Chheng; S San; H Davun; H Rautelin; U Magnusson Journal: Epidemiol Infect Date: 2016-06-23 Impact factor: 4.434