Zixuan Li1, Lianyue Qu2, Hongshan Zhong3, Ke Xu3, Xueshan Qiu4. 1. Department of Radiology and Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imagingand Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. 2. Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. 3. Department of Radiology and Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imagingand Interventional Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. 4. Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thymosin beta 10 (Tβ10) is one of β-thymosin family members, has a highly conserved polar 5 kDa peptides. This peptide is now regarded to be a small actin-binding protein and thereby induce depolymerization of the intracellular F-actin networks. Alteration of Tβ10 expression may alter the balance of cell growth, cell death, cell attachment and cell migration. Tβ10 also affects cell metastasis as well as proliferation, apoptosis and vascularization of cancer cells. But function of Tβ10 appear to be rather different between cancer cells, and the molecular mechanisms of β-thymosins to regulate cell apoptosis and proliferation in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) cell lines are unclear. In this study, we used lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, added Tβ10 or down-regulated the expression of Tβ10. We observed the change of apoptosis, proliferation and cell cyclin ability in A549 and the mechanisms underline them were also identified. METHODS: After A549 was treated with 100 ng/mL recombinant human Tβ10 or siTβ10, apoptosis rate of A549 and cell cycle distribution were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). CCK-8 assay was employed to determine the proliferation of A549. The mRNA level of P53, Caspase-3, Cyclin A and Cyclin E were determined by real-time PCR. The protein level of P53, Caspase-3, Cyclin A and Cyclin E were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Add Tβ10 can inhibit the apoptosis and prompt the proliferation of A549. It can also increase the cell rates of S-phrase and G2/M-phrase, decrease the expression of P53 and Caspase-3, but increase the expression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E. Interferance of Tβ10 can prompt the apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of A549. It can also increase the cell rates of G0/G1-phrase, increase the expression of P53 and Caspase-3, but decrease the expression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E. CONCLUSIONS: In lung cancer cell line, Tβ10 can inhibit the apoptosis by increase P53, drive cells into the S and G2/M-phase, prompt cell proliferation by increase the expression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E. Tβ10 may become a potential biomarker and therapy target for non-small cell lung cancer.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Thymosin beta 10 (Tβ10) is one of β-thymosin family members, has a highly conserved polar 5 kDa peptides. This peptide is now regarded to be a small actin-binding protein and thereby induce depolymerization of the intracellular F-actin networks. Alteration of Tβ10 expression may alter the balance of cell growth, cell death, cell attachment and cell migration. Tβ10 also affects cell metastasis as well as proliferation, apoptosis and vascularization of cancer cells. But function of Tβ10 appear to be rather different between cancer cells, and the molecular mechanisms of β-thymosins to regulate cell apoptosis and proliferation in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) cell lines are unclear. In this study, we used lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, added Tβ10 or down-regulated the expression of Tβ10. We observed the change of apoptosis, proliferation and cell cyclin ability in A549 and the mechanisms underline them were also identified. METHODS: After A549 was treated with 100 ng/mL recombinant human Tβ10 or siTβ10, apoptosis rate of A549 and cell cycle distribution were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). CCK-8 assay was employed to determine the proliferation of A549. The mRNA level of P53, Caspase-3, Cyclin A and Cyclin E were determined by real-time PCR. The protein level of P53, Caspase-3, Cyclin A and Cyclin E were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Add Tβ10 can inhibit the apoptosis and prompt the proliferation of A549. It can also increase the cell rates of S-phrase and G2/M-phrase, decrease the expression of P53 and Caspase-3, but increase the expression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E. Interferance of Tβ10 can prompt the apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of A549. It can also increase the cell rates of G0/G1-phrase, increase the expression of P53 and Caspase-3, but decrease the expression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E. CONCLUSIONS: In lung cancer cell line, Tβ10 can inhibit the apoptosis by increase P53, drive cells into the S and G2/M-phase, prompt cell proliferation by increase the expression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E. Tβ10 may become a potential biomarker and therapy target for non-small cell lung cancer.
肺癌细胞系A549使用含有10%的小牛血清DMEM培养基,37 ℃、5%CO2的条件下培养,每两天换一次液,并用0.25%的胰蛋白酶进行消化传代。在加入Tβ10组实验前取对数生长的细胞,饥饿4 h后加入100 ng/mL Tβ10,按时间点收集细胞。转染siNC和siTβ10组于转染后48 h收集细胞。转染序列如下:siNC:sense:5’-UUC UCC GAA CGU GUC ACG UTT-3’,anti-sense:5’-ACG UGA CAC GUU CGG AGA ATT-3’;siTβ10:sense:5’-CGA CCA AAG AGA CCA UUG ATT-3’,anti-sense:5’-UCA AUG GUC UCU UUG GUC GTT-3’。每次实验同一个处理因素设两个复孔,重复三次实验。
Apoptosis rate of cell was detected after Tβ10 or siTβ10 treatment by FCM assay. A: Add Tβ10 in A549 can inhibit the apoptosis rate, whereas transfection of Tβ10 siRNA can prompt apoptosis; B: Transfection efficiency of Tβ10 siRNA was detected by Real-time PCR. **P < 0.01. FCM: flow cytometry.
流式细胞分选检测Tβ10对A549细胞凋亡的影响。A:加入Tβ10能抑制A549细胞凋亡,干扰Tβ10则能促进A549细胞凋亡;B:Real-time PCR检测Tβ10的干扰效率。**P<0.01。Apoptosis rate of cell was detected after Tβ10 or siTβ10 treatment by FCM assay. A: Add Tβ10 in A549 can inhibit the apoptosis rate, whereas transfection of Tβ10 siRNA can prompt apoptosis; B: Transfection efficiency of Tβ10 siRNA was detected by Real-time PCR. **P < 0.01. FCM: flow cytometry.
The proliferation and cell cycle of cell was detected after Tβ10 or siTβ10 treatment by cell was detected after Tβ10 and siTβ10 treatment by CCK-8 assay and FCM assay. A: Add Tβ10 in A549 can prompt cell proliferation, whereas transfection of Tβ10 siRNA can inhibit cell proliferation; B, C: The cell cycle changed significently after Tβ10 or siTβ10 treatment.
CCK-8分析及细胞周期分析检测Tβ10对A549细胞增殖及周期的影响。A:加入Tβ10能促进A549细胞增殖,干扰Tβ10则能抑制A549细胞增殖;B、C:加入Tβ10及Tβ10 siRNA后细胞周期发生了显著的变化。The proliferation and cell cycle of cell was detected after Tβ10 or siTβ10 treatment by cell was detected after Tβ10 and siTβ10 treatment by CCK-8 assay and FCM assay. A: Add Tβ10 in A549 can prompt cell proliferation, whereas transfection of Tβ10 siRNA can inhibit cell proliferation; B, C: The cell cycle changed significently after Tβ10 or siTβ10 treatment.
The mRNA and protein level of Cyclin A, Cyclin E, Caspase-3 and P53 were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot. A: The change of Cyclin A, Cyclin E, P53 and Caspase-3 mRNA level after add Tβ10 or transfection of Tβ10 siRNA in A549; B: The change of Cyclin A, Cyclin E, P53 and Caspase-3 protein level after add Tβ10 or transfection of Tβ10 siRNA in A549. **P < 0.01.
实时定量PCR及蛋白免疫印迹检测Tβ10对周期、凋亡相关基因的影响。A:加入Tβ10或干扰Tβ10后Cyclin A、Cyclin E、P53和Caspase-3 mRNA表达变化;B:加入Tβ10或干扰Tβ10后Cyclin A、Cyclin E、P53和Caspase-3蛋白变化情况。**P<0.01。The mRNA and protein level of Cyclin A, Cyclin E, Caspase-3 and P53 were detected by Real-time PCR and Western blot. A: The change of Cyclin A, Cyclin E, P53 and Caspase-3 mRNA level after add Tβ10 or transfection of Tβ10 siRNA in A549; B: The change of Cyclin A, Cyclin E, P53 and Caspase-3 protein level after add Tβ10 or transfection of Tβ10 siRNA in A549. **P < 0.01.
讨论
目前,关于Tβ10在肿瘤中作用的研究主要集中在它对侵袭、转移的影响上。多篇文献[报道,Tβ10能在甲状腺乳头状癌、肝癌、胆管癌等肿瘤中促进肿瘤的迁移、侵袭、转移。Tβ10与肿瘤细胞凋亡关系的报道较少,最新的研究[发现Tβ10可以通过上调ROS的水平促进卵巢癌细胞的凋亡。在本研究中我们探讨了Tβ10对肺癌细胞凋亡的作用。根据文献[报道,我们采用加入外源Tβ10的方法。发现加入Tβ10可以抑制肺腺癌细胞系A549细胞的凋亡并使在凋亡过程中起关键作用的酶Caspase-3的水平降低,而使用小干扰RNA干扰Tβ10则能促进A549细胞的凋亡并伴有Casepase-3的升高,这些结果提示Tβ10在肺癌中能起到抑制细胞凋亡的作用。肿瘤细胞能够抑制凋亡的机制有多种,P53蛋白表达的下调是其中重要原因。作为肿瘤抑制基因,P53的突变在肿瘤中是一个普遍的现象[,P53突变下调后能抑制DNA修复基因的激活导致肿瘤凋亡水平的降低[。在本研究中加入Tβ10抑制细胞凋亡的同时P53的作用可能是通过抑制P53的功能实现的。本研究Tβ10在肺癌细胞中能够抑制凋亡的结果和前人关于Tβ10在卵巢癌细胞凋亡中的作用正好相反,Tβ10在不同肿瘤细胞系中影响的凋亡相关通路也不尽相同。这些说明了在不同的细胞系中Tβ10所起的作用存在很大差异,需要进一步的研究来完善对Tβ10功能的准确认识。本研究还发现Tβ10能影响肺癌细胞的增殖及细胞周期。加入Tβ10能促进细胞的增殖,同时增加G2期/M期和S期的细胞比率;反之,干扰Tβ10能降低细胞的增殖能力并增加处于G0期/G1期的细胞比率。细胞周期的变化和细胞周期素的含量有直接关系,通过检测发现,加入Tβ10能增加Cyclin A、Cyclin E mRNA及蛋白的表达水平,干扰Tβ10则能降低Cyclin A、Cyclin E mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。Cyclin A主要起到促进S期向G2期/M期转化,并在细胞增殖过程中起重要作用,而Cyclin E则为细胞从G0期/G1期进入S期的限速因子,且两者均为潜在的肿瘤标记物[。本研究的结果揭示了Tβ10对肺癌细胞的增殖促进作用,并提示Tβ10可能通过促进Cyclin A、Cyclin E的表达影响细胞周期,进而发挥它的促增殖作用。综上所述,Tβ10具有调节细胞凋亡、增殖及细胞周期的功能。在肺癌细胞系中Tβ10能够通过抑制P53的表达抑制细胞凋亡,能够通过上调Cyclin A、Cyclin E的表达水平,促进细胞周期进程,促进细胞的增殖。抑制Tβ10能起到抑制细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡的作用,Tβ10可能成为肺癌诊断的分子标记物及治疗靶标。
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