Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a condition that usually starts in early adulthood which is characterized by fluctuating emotions, impulsive self-harm, unstable self-identity, and tense interpersonal relationships.[1] It has a high prevalence, is associated with severe disability, and often leads to death by suicide.[2] It is currently an important area of research both in psychiatry and in clinical psychology. Gunderson[3] has described the evolution of the BPD diagnosis as follows: prior to 1970 a theory of borderline personality was developed based on psychoanalytic concepts; from 1970 to 1980 there was a gradual identification of a borderline syndrome and of the general types of symptoms that should be present to make the diagnosis; from 1980 to 1990 BPD became an independent diagnosis and was included in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM); from 1990 to 2000 intensive research focused on the pathological mechanisms associated with BPD and on the psychological treatments for managing BPD, as represented by the work on Dialectical Behavior Therapy of Linehan and the on mentalization therapy of Fonagy; from 2000 onwards an increasing body of basic research and clinical research has shown that BPD is a disease of the brain that can have a favorable prognosis. The current plans for the upcoming 5th edition of the DSM[4] will make major changes to the conceptualization of personality disorders, categorizing them into six types, one of which will be BPD.The current version of the Chinese classification of mental disorders (CCMD-3)[5] does not include BPD. Research on this topic in China has, however, been gradually increasing, particularly over the last 5 years. There are 183 papers about BPD listed in the Chinese database for articles in medical journals (CNKI), 139 (76%) of which were published from 2004 onwards and 102 (56%) of which were published from 2007 onwards. Many of these papers confirm the presence of BPD as a clinical entity in China and recommend the inclusion of this diagnosis in the Chinese diagnostic system.[6]–[12]In China there are a variety of clinical presentations of BPD and in clinical settings it is frequently co-morbid with other mental disorders,[12] making the identification of the condition difficult. Disagreements and uncertainty about the diagnostic criteria that should be adopted for the BPD diagnosis in China also undermine attempts to improve psychiatrists' recognition of the disorder.[13] These patients are often incorrectly diagnosed (as schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder, neurosis, etc.), have multiple changing diagnoses over time, or are classified as suffering from an ‘indefinite’ mental illness. Moreover, the diagnosis and management of co-morbid mental disorders in inpatient and outpatient settings is made much more difficult because of the presence of BPD.It is important for Chinese professionals to select an appropriate diagnostic instrument for making the BPD diagnosis and to increase the ability of clinicians to reliably make the diagnosis. One promising candidate instrument is the revised version of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R),[15] a semi-structured diagnostic instrument currently used in western countries for diagnosing BPD. But there may need to be revisions to the instrument to address specific cultural aspects of the condition in China and to help distinguish it from other mental disorders. Progress in the diagnostic identification of BPD in China would help us improve our understanding of the condition and help to increase the effectiveness of methods for decreasing the distress the condition causes patients, family members and the community at large. To achieve this we make the following recommendations:Highlight the importance of this diagnosis in the training of clinicians and in clinical practice so patients can receive timely and appropriate care, patient-clinician conflicts can be reduced and unnecessary suicides can be prevented.Change the label for the disorder. The term ‘borderline’ in the BPD label makes it easy to confuse the disorder with ‘borderline mental disorder’ or ‘borderline psychosis’, non-specific labels previously used to describe individuals who do not clearly meet criteria for any specific diagnosis. After the adoption of the third edition of the DSM, ‘borderline psychosis’ was subdivided into ‘schizotypal personality disorder’ and ‘borderline personality disorder’. In the 10th edition of the international classification of diseases (ICD-10),[16] there is no ‘schizotypal personality disorder’ (schizotypal disorder is listed as a separate disorder in the psychosis chapter) and ‘borderline’ is a subtype of ‘Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder’. We believe the ICD label of ‘Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder’ is preferable to the DSM label of ‘Borderline Personality Disorder’ because it minimizes confusion, emphasizes the centrality of emotional instability in the condition, and reduces patient stigma.There needs to be additional diagnostic criteria that capture the culture-specific characteristics of the condition in China.In China clinicians have no experience in the use of standardized, systematic treatment protocols for BPD; they remain uncertain about how to effectively integrate pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy with these patients. This is a reflection of the difficulty psychiatry in China (and elsewhere) has had in transitioning from a purely biological model to a bio-psycho-social model. Standardized treatment guidelines that integrated these two components of treatment need to be developed and promulgated among Chinese clinicians.