| Literature DB >> 25317062 |
The deep phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae).
Wayne P Maddison1, Daiqin Li2, Melissa Bodner3, Junxia Zhang3, Qingqing Liu4, Fengxiang Liu4.
Abstract
In order to resolve better the deep relationships among salticid spiders, we compiled and analyzed a molecular dataset of 169 salticid taxa (and 7 outgroups) and 8 gene regions. This dataset adds many new taxa to previous analyses, especially among the non-salticoid salticids, as well as two new genes - wingless and myosin heavy chain. Both of these genes, and especially the better sampled wingless, confirm many of the relationships indicated by other genes. The cocalodines are placed as sister to lapsiines, in a broader clade with the spartaeines. Cocalodines, lapsiines, and spartaeines are each supported as monophyletic, though the first two have no known morphological synapomorphies. The lyssomanines appear to be non-monophyletic, of three separate groups: (1) Lyssomanes plus Chinoscopus, (2) Onomastus, and (3) the remainder of Old World species. Several previously-inferred relationships continue to be supported: hisponines as sister to the Salticoida, Amycoida as sister to the remaining Salticoida, and Saltafresia as monophyletic. The relationship of Salticus with Philaeus and relatives is now considered well enough corroborated to move the latter into the subfamily Salticinae. A new clade consisting of the Plexippoida + Aelurilloida + Leptorchesteae + Salticinae is recognized. Nungia is found to be an astioid, and Echeclus, Gedea and Diplocanthopoda to be hasariines. The euophryines are corroborated as monophyletic. The agoriines Agorius and Synagelides are salticoids, within the sister group to amycoids, but their further placement is problematical, perhaps because of their nuclear ribosomal genes' high GC bias, as also seen in the similarly problematic Eupoa.Entities:
Keywords: Jumping spiders; Salticidae; phylogeny; systematics
Year: 2014 PMID： 25317062 PMCID： PMC4195940 DOI： 10.3897/zookeys.440.7891
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zookeys ISSN： 1313-2970 Impact factor: 1.546
Introduction
Methods
Taxon sampling
Table 1.
Specimens and sequences used in phylogenetic analyses, with GenBank numbers indicated. * marks previously published sequences. Specimen localities given in Suppl. material 1.
| Reference | 28s | 18s | myosin HC | actin 5c | histone 3 | CO1 | 16sND1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s318 | |||||||||
| s319 | |||||||||
| s321 | |||||||||
| GR011 | |||||||||
| s316 | |||||||||
| SC-03-0055 | |||||||||
| MRB084 | |||||||||
| MRB083 | |||||||||
| d186 | |||||||||
| d273 | |||||||||
| d051 | |||||||||
| ECU11-6112 | |||||||||
| d298 | |||||||||
| ECU11-5402 | |||||||||
| ECU11-5682 | |||||||||
| MRB086 | |||||||||
| d297 | |||||||||
| ECU11-4193 | |||||||||
| ECU11-4869 | |||||||||
| s160 | |||||||||
| d129 | |||||||||
| d408 | |||||||||
| MRB085 | |||||||||
| d303 | |||||||||
| d236 | |||||||||
| d291 | |||||||||
| d230 | |||||||||
| d234 | |||||||||
| d235 | |||||||||
| d313 | |||||||||
| d232 | |||||||||
| d312 | |||||||||
| d233 | |||||||||
| d231 | |||||||||
| SWK12-4323 | |||||||||
| LiD-026-053-05 | |||||||||
| cf. | SWK12-3728 | ||||||||
| LiD-013-027-05 | |||||||||
| MRB106 | |||||||||
| MRB104 | |||||||||
| d250 | |||||||||
| MRB105 | |||||||||
| MRB199 | |||||||||
| LiD002-053-05 | |||||||||
| d036 | |||||||||
| d287 | |||||||||
| SWK12-4202 | |||||||||
| d441 | |||||||||
| SWK12-1442 | |||||||||
| d104 | |||||||||
| SWK12-1653 | |||||||||
| d249 | |||||||||
| LiD-001-055-05 | |||||||||
| SWK12-1040 | |||||||||
| d111 | |||||||||
| LQ-24-06 | |||||||||
| SWK12-4541 | |||||||||
| SWK12-2354 | |||||||||
| LiD-001-04 | |||||||||
| S206 | |||||||||
| d131 | |||||||||
| MRB103 | |||||||||
| SC-03-0011 | |||||||||
| d226 | |||||||||
| MRB200 | |||||||||
| d251 | |||||||||
| SC-03-069 | |||||||||
| S199 | |||||||||
| BV-004 | |||||||||
| S185/S186 | |||||||||
| d246 | |||||||||
| d248 | |||||||||
| LiD-001-003-06 | |||||||||
| d124 | |||||||||
| d116 | |||||||||
| d442 | |||||||||
| UBC-SEM AR00191 | |||||||||
| UBC-SEM AR00194 | |||||||||
| GR130 | |||||||||
| d396 | |||||||||
| d395 | |||||||||
| d123 | |||||||||
| d394 | |||||||||
| d220/MRB102 | |||||||||
| cf. | d305 | ||||||||
| d404 | |||||||||
| d309 | |||||||||
| SWK12-4787 | |||||||||
| SWK12-2900 | |||||||||
| d082 | |||||||||
| d081 | |||||||||
| d127 | |||||||||
| d306 | |||||||||
| MRB243 | |||||||||
| d172 | |||||||||
| d213 | |||||||||
| d299 | |||||||||
| d214 | |||||||||
| MRB050 | |||||||||
| d225 | |||||||||
| MRB024 | |||||||||
| S213 | |||||||||
| d156 | |||||||||
| d130 | |||||||||
| MRB193 | |||||||||
| d030 | |||||||||
| d046 | |||||||||
| d265 | |||||||||
| d175 | |||||||||
| LiD-001-027-05 | |||||||||
| d018 | |||||||||
| d162 | |||||||||
| d283 | |||||||||
| d221 | |||||||||
| d027 | |||||||||
| d035 | |||||||||
| d079 | |||||||||
| MRB079 | |||||||||
| MRB262 | |||||||||
| d043 | |||||||||
| d316 | |||||||||
| LiD-001-021-05 | |||||||||
| SWK12-1244 | |||||||||
| d140 | |||||||||
| JXZ035 | |||||||||
| JXZ345 | |||||||||
| d195 | |||||||||
| JXZ372 | |||||||||
| d017 | |||||||||
| JXZ363 | |||||||||
| MRB230 | |||||||||
| d222 | |||||||||
| d415 | |||||||||
| d009 | |||||||||
| JXZ145 | |||||||||
| JXZ315 | |||||||||
| JXZ229 | |||||||||
| JXZ349 | |||||||||
| d209 | |||||||||
| MRB231 | |||||||||
| MRB089 | |||||||||
| JXZ137 | |||||||||
| d096 | |||||||||
| d323 | |||||||||
| d211 | |||||||||
| MRB090 | |||||||||
| d132 | |||||||||
| d207 | |||||||||
| d295 | |||||||||
| S130/S131/S324 | |||||||||
| d044 | |||||||||
| d108 | |||||||||
| d182 | |||||||||
| d086 | |||||||||
| MRB258 | |||||||||
| d105 | |||||||||
| JXZ081 | |||||||||
| d008 | |||||||||
| JXZ136 | |||||||||
| JXZ286 | |||||||||
| d057 | |||||||||
| d400 | |||||||||
| d304 | |||||||||
| d025 | |||||||||
| d402 | |||||||||
| LiD-001-029-05 | |||||||||
| MRB016 | |||||||||
| S73 | |||||||||
| MRB257 | |||||||||
| JXZ147 | |||||||||
| d003 | |||||||||
| LiD-001-028-05 | |||||||||
| MRB270 | |||||||||
| MRB226 | |||||||||
| d013 | |||||||||
| JXZ173 | |||||||||
| JXZ218 | |||||||||
Figures 1–13.Specimens of undescribed species. 1, 3, 5, 6 are of epigyna, ventral view; 8, 11, 13 of left palps, ventral view; 7 of the right palp tibia, retrolateral view. Scale bar 0.1 mm. 1–2 Female cf. [Sarawak], voucher SWK12–3728 3–4 Female sp. [Sarawak], voucher SWK12–4541 5 female sp. [Guangxi], voucher MRB085 6 Female aff. lightfooti, voucher MRB200. 7 male sp. [Guangxi], voucher MRB199. The drawing is reversed so as to appear to be the left palpus 8–9 Male sp. [Selangor], voucher MRB089 10–11 Male sp.[Johor], voucher d246 for the palpus. The photo of the living male may or may not be of the same specimen 12–13 Male sp. [Pahang], voucher d248. The photo of the living male may or may not be of the same specimen. Figures 1–13 are copyright ©2014 W.P. Maddison, released under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 3.0 license.
Gene choice and sequencing
Sequence alignment
Phylogenetic analysis
Data resources
Results
Figure 14.Summary of phylogenetic results. Number above branch shows percentage of maximum likelihood bootstrap replicates with clade. For clades outside the Salticoida, these percentages come from the Non-salticoid dataset with 1500 replicates; within the Salticoida, these come from the Salticoida dataset with 1000 replicates; the Salticoida percentage comes from the Complete dataset with 1000 replicates. Long bar on branch shows same percentage graphically: black 91–100%; dark gray 81–90%; gray 71–80%; light gray 51–70%. Oval spots show presence of clade in maximum likelihood tree for individual genes, with exceptions noted by * and adjacent notes. The notes about wingless on the Spartaeinae node and actin on the Salticoida node are ambiguous in placement; they could equally well have been placed one node deeper because of missing data. Pale gray outline indicates no conclusion because of inadequate taxon sampling. All indications of support are from analyses excluding , agoriines, and “” uplandicus. Bars show colors used to highlight taxa in Figs 15–27.
Figure 15.Phylogeny from complete taxon sample, All Genes analysis. Numbers beside branches show percentage of 1000 RAxML likelihood bootstrap replicates with clade in analysis with and agoriines excluded. In analyses with these taxa included (500 bootstrap replicates), bootstrap percentages are within 5 of those shown, except for branches with two values (e.g. “100/60”), in which case the first value is from an analysis with and agoriines excluded, the second value with them included. Colors of branches are the same as those highlighting taxa in Fig. 14.
Figures 23–27.Phylogeny from gene regions analyzed alone, complete taxon sample. 23 myosin HC 24 actin 5C 25 Histone 3 26 CO1 27 16sND1. Colors of branches are the same as those highlighting taxa in Fig. 14.
Figures 18–19.Phylogeny from Salticoida dataset, All Genes analysis. 18 Salticoida analysis with all taxa included 19 Salticoida analysis with and excluded. Numbers beside branches show percentage of 1000 RAxML likelihood bootstrap replicates with clade. Colors of branches are the same as those highlighting taxa in Fig. 14.
Figures 20–22.Phylogeny from gene regions analyzed alone, complete taxon sample. 20 28s 21 18s 22 wingless. Colors of branches are the same as those highlighting taxa in Fig. 14.
Discussion
Deepest relationships
Figures 16–17.Phylogeny from Non-salticoid dataset, All Genes analysis. Numbers beside branches show percentage of RAxML likelihood bootstrap replicates with clade. 16 Non-salticoid analysis with all taxa included (1500 bootstrap replicates used) 17 Non-salticoid analysis with , , and “” uplandicus excluded (500 bootstrap replicates used). Colors of branches are the same as those highlighting taxa in Fig. 14.
Spartaeinae
Deep Salticoid relationships
Astioida
Saltafresia
Hasarieae
Salticinae
Plexippoida + Aelurilloida + Leptorchesteae + Salticinae (Node 5)
Euophryinae
Agoriines
Generic limits
Behaviour of individual genes
15 in total
1. A combined molecular approach to phylogeny of the jumping spider subfamily dendryphantinae (araneae: salticidae).
Journal: Mol Phylogenet Evol Date: 2001-03 Impact factor: 4.286
2. MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform.
Journal: Nucleic Acids Res Date: 2002-07-15 Impact factor: 16.971
3. RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models.
Journal: Bioinformatics Date: 2006-08-23 Impact factor: 6.937
4. Molecular phylogeny, divergence times and biogeography of spiders of the subfamily Euophryinae (Araneae: Salticidae).
Journal: Mol Phylogenet Evol Date: 2013-03-28 Impact factor: 4.286
5. The biogeography and age of salticid spider radiations (Araneae: Salticidae).
Journal: Mol Phylogenet Evol Date: 2012-06-23 Impact factor: 4.286
6. Tisaniba, a new genus of marpissoid jumping spiders from Borneo (Araneae: Salticidae).
Journal: Zootaxa Date: 2014-08-14 Impact factor: 1.091
7. Ribosomal RNA trees misleading?
Journal: Nature Date: 1993-01-07 Impact factor: 49.962
8. Jerzego, a new hisponine jumping spider from Borneo (Araneae: Salticidae).
Journal: Zootaxa Date: 2014-08-19 Impact factor: 1.091
9. MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment.
Journal: Nucleic Acids Res Date: 2005-01-20 Impact factor: 16.971
10. Structure of the retinae of the principal eyes of jumping spiders (Salticidae: dendryphantinae) in relation to visual optics.
Journal: J Exp Biol Date: 1969-11 Impact factor: 3.312
10 in total
1. A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini).
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2020-12-16 Impact factor: 1.546
2. The execution of planned detours by spider-eating predators.
Journal: J Exp Anal Behav Date: 2016-01 Impact factor: 2.468
3. A genome-wide phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae), using anchored hybrid enrichment.
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2017-09-04 Impact factor: 1.546
4. Multilocus genetic and morphological phylogenetic analysis reveals a radiation of shiny South Asian jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae).
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2019-01-16 Impact factor: 1.546
5. A new lapsiine jumping spider from North America, with a review of Simon's Lapsias species (Araneae, Salticidae, Spartaeinae).
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2019-11-21 Impact factor: 1.546
6. Sitticine jumping spiders: phylogeny, classification, and chromosomes (Araneae, Salticidae, Sitticini).
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2020-04-08 Impact factor: 1.546
7. First description of the female of the jumping spider Balmaceda nigrosecta Mello-Leitão (Salticidae, Dendryphantini, Marpissina).
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2016-02-15 Impact factor: 1.546
8. Phylogenetic placement of the unusual jumping spider Depreissia Lessert, and a new synapomorphy uniting Hisponinae and Salticinae (Araneae, Salticidae).
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2016-01-05 Impact factor: 1.546
9. Miocene spider Maevia eureka nov. sp. (Araneae: Salticidae).
Journal: PeerJ Date: 2017-07-25 Impact factor: 2.984
10. Sumakuru, a deeply-diverging new genus of lyssomanine jumping spiders from Ecuador (Araneae: Salticidae).
Journal: Zookeys Date: 2016-09-01 Impact factor: 1.546
10 in total