Naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release for the management of obesity: review of the data to date.

Obesity is an emerging disease worldwide. Changes in living habits, especially with increased consumption of high-calorie foods and decreased levels of physical activity, lead to an energy imbalance that brings weight gain. Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for several chronic diseases (including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer), reduce quality of life, and are associated with higher mortality. For all these reasons, it is of the utmost importance that the trend be reversed and obese people enabled to lose weight. It is known that eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly can help prevent obesity, but data show that in many cases these steps are not enough. This is the reason why, over the last few decades, several antiobesity drugs have been developed. However, the disappointing results demonstrated for the vast majority of them have not discouraged the pharmaceutical industry from continuing to look for an effective drug or combination of drugs. The systematic review presented here focuses on naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release combination (Contrave(®)). We conclude from the current published reports that its effectiveness in the treatment of obesity can be estimated as a placebo-subtracted weight loss of around 4.5%. This weight reduction is moderate but similar to other antiobesity drugs. The safety profile of this combination is acceptable, despite additional data regarding cardiovascular disease being needed.

Background

“Obesity”, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2, is an emergent chronic disease across the world. Based on the latest estimates, in European Union countries, overweight affects 30%–70% of adults and obesity affects 10%–30% of adults. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey show that in the USA more than one-third of adults and almost 17% of children and adolescents were obese in 2009–20101 and linear time trend forecasts suggest that, by 2030, 51% of the population will be obese.2 Moreover, the estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the USA was US$147 billion in 2008.3 This is due in part to the higher morbidity associated with obesity in hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gall-bladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and some types of cancer (endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon). Obesity is also associated with pregnancy complications, menstrual irregularities, hirsutism, stress incontinence, and psychological disorders (depression).4 Mortality increases progressively once the overweight threshold is crossed.5 The dramatic increase in obesity prevalence during the past years has turned this disorder into a major health problem and prompted authorities to take action to decrease the impact of its consequences.

Traditional treatments based on lifestyle modification by changing patterns of diet and increasing physical activity are usually the first and basic steps in obesity treatment, but, in most cases, these only produce short-term weight loss. That fact reflects the necessity for other therapeutic strategies, such as antiobesity drugs or bariatric surgery.

The ideal antiobesity drug would produce sustained weight loss with minimal side effects and may account for different mechanisms of action: appetite suppression, including eating behavior and food intake; interference with nutrient absorption; or increases in metabolism and energy expenditure. However, the mechanisms that regulate energy balance have a substantial overlap with other physiological functions and are influenced by social, hedonic, and psychological factors that limit the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions. It is not therefore surprising that antiobesity drug-discovery programs have finished with failures in clinical development and withdrawals due to adverse effects.

Recent improvements in the understanding of peptidergic signaling of hunger and satiety from the gastrointestinal tract mediated by ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and of homeostatic mechanisms related to leptin and its upstream pathways in the hypothalamus have opened up new possibilities.6 Although some peptidergic signalers and homeostatic mechanisms have now reached clinical development, it is uncertain whether they will satisfy all the requirements to be an effective antiobesity drug.7

At present, orlistat, an intestinal lipase inhibitor, is the only long-term antiobesity drug approved by both the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA.8 Phentermine, diethylpropion (amfepramone), benzphetamine, and phendimetrazine, all of them amphetamine-like analogs that increase the release of norepinephrine, are also approved in the USA as antiobesity agents for the short-term treatment of obesity. In Europe, phentermine was withdrawn in 1999 and the others have never been approved. Lorcaserin (Belviq®; Arena Pharmaceuticals, Zofingen, Switzerland) a 5-HT2C receptor agonist, was also approved by the FDA in 2012 after being re-filed.7

In other therapeutic fields, such as diabetes and hypertension, lower doses of multiple agents targeting different pathways often yield better results than strategies that modify one pathway alone. Some combination approaches using two kinds of molecules have now reached clinical trial (Table 1) and one of them, qnexa (Qsymia®; Vivus, Mountain View, CA, USA), a combination of phentermine and topiramate sustained-release (SR), has already been approved by the FDA. Nevertheless, body-weight control achieved using these drugs is far from the sustained weight loss and its consequent amelioration of comorbidities following any of the bariatric surgical procedures.9

Table 1

Antiobesity drugs in development

Name or code	Mechanism of action	Current status
Monotherapy
Lorcaserin	5-HT2C receptor agonist	FDA approved 2012
Cetilistat	Pancreatic lipase inhibitor	NDA filed in Japan
Liraglutide	Long-acting GLP-1 analog	Phase III ongoing
Velneperit	Neuropeptide Y5 subtype receptor antagonist	Phase II completed
JNJ-16269110	MTP inhibitor	Phase II completed
TTP-435	AgRP inhibitors	Phase II completed
Beloranib	MetAP-2 inhibitor	Phase II ongoing
Oxyntomodulin	Dual agonist of GLP1R and GCGR	Phase II ongoing
GSK1521498	μ-opioid inverse agonist	Phase I completed
GSK598809	Dopamine D3 receptor antagonist	Phase I completed
PF-04971729	Selective inhibitor of the sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2	Phase I completed
PF-04620110	Selective DGAT-1 inhibitor	Phase I completed
LY377604	Selective β3 adrenergic receptor agonist	Clinical trial terminated (discontinued?) due to results from recent nonclinical studies
Betahistine	Histamine subtype receptor H1 agonist and H3 subtype receptor antagonist	Failure because of inconsistent results
Taranabant	Cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist	Failure because of psychiatric side effects
MK-0493	Melanocortin receptor 4	Failure because of limited efficacy
Combination
Phentermine/topiramate	Amphetamine derivative	FDA approved 2012
Zonisamide/bupropion (Empatic™)	CA inhibitor/dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor	Phase II completed
Tesofensine	Triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor	Phase III ongoing
Bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave®)	Dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor/μ-opioid receptor agonist	Phase III ongoing
Dov21947	Triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor	Phase II
Obinepitide	Neuropeptide Y2 + Y4 subtype receptor agonist	Phase II: failure for unknown reasons
Pramlintide/metreleptin	Amylin analog/leptin analog	Phase II: failure for commercial reasons

Abbreviations: 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; AgRP, Agouti-related protein; β3, beta-3; CA, carbonic anhydrase; DGAT-1, diglyceride acyl transferase 1; FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; GCGR, glucagon receptor gene; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP1R, glucagon-like peptide I receptor; μ, mu; MetAP-2, methionine aminopeptidase 2; MTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; NDA, non-disclosure agreement.

This review focuses on current treatment with the combination of naltrexone/bupropion SR (Contrave®; Orexigen Therapeutics, La Jolla, CA, USA) that was turned down by the FDA owing to potential cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, it seems probable that it will be re-filed in the near future when the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Light Study assesses the actual risk of major cardiovascular events. The final decision is expected by the end of 2014 based on the interim analysis, although the study will not really finish until 2017.

Methods

A systematic search strategy was developed to identify publications in both MEDLINE® (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD) and the Cochrane library (The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK). The terms “obesity”, “naltrexone”, “bupropion”, and “Contrave” were incorporated into an electronic search strategy. We were able to find 44 manuscripts. Twenty of these were general revisions about obesity treatment or an update on antiobesity drugs that included or mentioned naltrexone or bupropion.6,8–26 The rest (24 of them) were about the combination of naltrexone and bupropion. One of them was exclusively in rodent models27 and the rest were mainly in humans28–50 in the form of reviews, letters, editorials, posters, or original articles of the clinical trials performed to test this combined drug. We comment on the most relevant in the present review.

Central nervous system appetite and satiety pathways at a glance

The central mechanisms of hunger and satiety are regulated by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which receives signals by several hormones and peptides synthesized mainly by the gut and adipose tissue, like insulin, leptin, ghrelin, peptide PYY, cholecystokinin, GLP-1, and others.51

The arcuate nucleus is divided into a lateral and a medial portion which work in opposite pathways but transmit signals to the same areas of the brain.28 The lateral neurons synthesize and secrete neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein, with orexigenic actions, while medial neurons produce pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)44 and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript that induce anorexigenic actions. POMC is rapidly cleaved into α-MSH and β-endorphin. α-MSH acts at melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors in the hypothalamus and the rest of the brain, inducing satiety and inhibiting food intake, as well as increasing resting energy expenditure. On the other hand, β-endorphin, an endogenous opioid, autoinhibits the POMC pathway, and its excess in rodents leads to increased food intake.28

At fasting state, ghrelin, the only peripheral orexigenic peptide, stimulates the lateral neurons of the arcuate nucleus and initiates food intake; by contrast, at postprandial state, all the other mentioned peripheral hormones and peptides stimulate the medial arcuate nucleus. From both sides of the arcuate nucleus, axons emerge to other hypothalamus parts such as paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, and perifornical area. From them, more complicated pathways, still under investigation, pass through the nucleus of the solitary tract to the vagus nerve and the superior cervical ganglion returning the input to gut to inhibit mechanical and secretional stimuli and to close the loop (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Central and peripheral mechanisms of appetite and satiety and site of action of bupropion and naltrexone.

Abbreviations: α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; AgRP, Agouti-related protein; β-END, β-endorphin; BUP, bupropion; CART, cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript; CCK, cholecystokinin; CNS, central nervous system; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; NAL, naltrexone; NPY, neuropeptide Y; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; PP, pancreatic polypeptide; PYY, peptide YY.

Bupropion

“Bupropion” is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor mainly used for the treatment of depression and as an aid in smoking cessation.26 Many clinical observations have been made indicating that bupropion has an anorexigenic activity which has been related to the stimulation of POMC-producing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons release α-MSH, which acts on MC4 receptors, decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure.30 The effect of bupropion on POMC-producing neurons has been shown in animal models,28 while some clinical studies52,53 have displayed a modest weight reduction effect of bupropion in monotherapy, and, for that reason, it did not meet FDA criteria for approval as a monotherapy for obesity.

As mentioned, POMC-producing neurons also release beta-endorphin which has an autoinhibitory feedback and decreases the anorexigenic effect of α-MSH. This autoinhibitory mechanism may disturb the anorexigenic effect of α-MSH and might contribute to the limited antiobesity effect of bupropion in monotherapy.44

Naltrexone

“Naltrexone” is an opioid receptor antagonist mainly used in the treatment of alcohol and opioid addictions.54 It is metabolized by the hepatic enzyme dihydrodiol dehydrogenase to its active metabolite 6β-naltrexol. Both naltrexone and 6β-naltrexol are competitive antagonists at the μ- and κ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system.55 In 1979, the observation that naloxone, another opioid receptor antagonist, produced a significant reduction in short-term food intake in rats proved the role of this kind of drug in eating behavior.56 Subsequent studies led to the “opioid-palatability hypothesis”, which suggests that opioid release plays an important role in the expression of food palatability57 and may decrease sweet food pleasantness.58 Given these observations, naltrexone was seen as a potential obesity treatment and several studies have been performed and published since the early 1980s. However, the results of these studies59–64 were disappointing, because naltrexone monotherapy was associated with minimal or no weight loss.29 The limited efficacy of a single obesity agent such as naltrexone might be explained because of the various different mechanisms regulating caloric intake and body weight.65 Therefore, a combination of drugs would be a better option.

Contrave® combination naltrexone/bupropion SR

“Contrave” is a fixed-dose combination of naltrexone and bupropion. The idea of associating an antagonist of the opioid receptors, in order to block the autoinhibitory feedback, arises as a good way to enhance the anorexigenic effect of bupropion. The effect of the combination is synergistic, and the results are at least fully additive in all electrophysiological studies.28 Blunting the hypothalamic reactivity to food cues while enhancing the activation of regions involved in self-control and internal awareness might underlie its therapeutic benefits in obesity.50

Preclinical studies

In vitro electrophysiological studies in mouse brain slices have demonstrated the stimulatory effect of bupropion and naltrexone, independently, over the POMC neurons. When a combination of these two drugs was used, the stimulatory effect was greater.28 In the same publication, an in vivo study in obese mice showed a significant reduction in food intake when a combination of bupropion and naltrexone was used, in front of the moderate effect observed when these drugs were administered independently. These observations strongly support the hypothesis of a synergic anorexigenic effect of bupropion and naltrexone.

Another study in mice27 explored the use of bupropion/naltrexone associated with amylin. The combination therapy exerted additive effects to reduce cumulative food intake, body weight, and fat mass. The experiment was performed with pair-fed animals, which were mice with the same calorie intake as those treated with bupropion/naltrexone and amylin. Both groups showed a similar body-weight loss but the pharmacological treated group lost 68% more fat and better maintained lean mass, so this additive effect could be attributed to the pharmacological effect and not to calorie restriction.

Major clinical trials

The major clinical trials are summarized in Table 2. The first human trial of this combination for the treatment of obesity was performed in the first Phase II clinical trial conducted in 2004 and published in 2008.30 Two hundred and thirty eight subjects with a BMI between 30 and 40 kg/m2 were blindly randomized to one among four treatment groups: placebo (P), bupropion SR 300 mg/day (B), naltrexone immediate release 50 mg/day (N), or the combination of bupropion plus naltrexone (B + N). The primary endpoint was the percentage body-weight reduction at week 16, and, for patients in groups B and B + N, there was an extension period to week 24. At week 16, the adjusted percentage of body-weight change, considering an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, was −1.0, −2.0, −3.6, and −4.0 kg for the P, N, B and B + N groups, respectively (P<0.001). In those patients who completed the overall protocol (n=146), the adjusted percentage of body-weight change difference between the P and B + N groups was more pronounced (−1.0 vs −4.8; P<0.001). In the extension phase, at week 24, the adjusted percentage of body-weight change, with an ITT analysis, was −4.0 versus −5.2 for the B and B + N groups, respectively (P nonsignificant). In the completers group (n=59), the unadjusted percentage of body-weight change was −4.0 versus −6.5 for the B and B + N groups, respectively (P<0.05). Thus, a sustained weight reduction, without evidence of an efficacy plateau, was observed with the combination of B + N. Completers of B + N diverged from P and N groups at week 16 and from B group at week 24. Regarding safety endpoints, there were no drug-related serious adverse effects and the most common reported adverse event (AE) was nausea with an incidence of 34.5% in group N, 31.4% in group B + N, and 1.9% in group P.

Table 2

Major clinical trials assessing bupropion plus naltrexone as obesity treatment

Trial phase	Publication	Subjects	Placebo-subtracted weight loss	Safety
II	Greenway et al28	n=238BMI 30–40 kg/m2	Week 16 (ITT analysis): −3.00%	No SAEsAE: nausea
II	Greenway et al31	n=419BMI 30–40 kg/m2	Week 24 (ITT analysis): −4.65% (with bupropion SR 400 mg/day plus naltrexone immediate release 32 mg/day)	One possibly drug-related SAE (atrial fibrillation)AEs: nausea, headache, dizziness
III	Greenway et al36COR-I	n=1,742Uncomplicated BMI 30–45 kg/m2 or BMI 27–45 kg/m2 plus dyslipidemia or hypertension	Duration 56 weeks but only 50.00% of patients completed the studyPrimary analysis: −4.80% (with bupropion 360 mg plus naltrexone SR 32 mg/day)	No SAEs related to investigational drugAEs: nausea, headache, onstipation
III	Wadden et al46COR-BMOD	n=793Uncomplicated BMI 30–45 kg/m2 or BMI 27–45 kg/m2 plus dyslipidemia or hypertension	Week 56 (ITT analysis): −4.20% (with BMOD plus a combination of naltrexone SR 32 mg/day and bupropion 360 mg/day)	Two possibly drug-related SAEs (cholecystitis)AEs: nausea, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, tremor, abdominal pain, tinnitus
III	Apovian et al48COR-II	n=1,496Uncomplicated BMI 30–45 kg/m2 or BMI 27–45 kg/m2 plus dyslipidemia or hypertension	Week 28 (ITT analysis): −4.60% (with bupropion 360 mg/day plus naltrexone SR 32 mg/day)	2.1% of patients in NB32 group had an SAE, including one episode of seizures and one myocardial infarctionAEs: nausea, headache, constipation

Abbreviations: AE, adverse event; BMI, body mass index; BMOD, behavior-modification program; COR-I, Contrave Obesity Research I; COR-II, Contrave Obesity Research II; COR-BMOD, Contrave Obesity Research and Behaviour Modification; ITT, intention to treat; NB32, naltrexone SR 32 mg/day plus bupropion 360 mg/day; SAE, serious adverse event; SR, sustained-release.

A second Phase II clinical trial, especially focused on finding the optimal naltrexone dose, was conducted between 2005 and 2006 and published in 2009.31 Four hundred and nineteen patients with a BMI between 30 and 40 kg/m2 participated in this study. They were blinded randomized to placebo (P), bupropion SR 400 mg/day (B), naltrexone immediate release 48 mg/day (N48), bupropion SR 400 mg/day plus naltrexone immediate release 16 mg/day (NB16), bupropion SR 400 mg/day plus naltrexone immediate release 32 mg/day (NB32) and bupropion 400 mg/day plus naltrexone immediate release 48 mg/day (NB48). The primary endpoint was the percentage of weight loss at week 24, and the ITT analysis showed a placebo-subtracted weight loss of −4.62% for NB16, −4.65% for NB32 and −3.53% for NB48 (P<0.001). Weight loss was also significantly greater with all combinations of bupropion and naltrexone versus monotherapy, with the exception of B versus NB48. There was a high attrition rate, mainly due to nausea, in the group of NB48 (only 37% completed the 24 weeks of treatment), which clearly limited its effectiveness according to the ITT analysis. In the extension study, at week 48, the percentages of weight loss were −2.7% for B, −5.5 for NB16, −6.6% for NB32 and −5.0 for NB48 (P<0.05). Regarding safety endpoints, there were eight serious adverse events (SAEs) during the 48 weeks. Only one, a case of atrial fibrillation, was felt to be possibly related to the study drug by the investigator. The most common adverse effect was nausea, which was clearly related to the dose of naltrexone. The incidence of this effect reached 41% in the NB48 group.

Orexigen Therapeutics, developer of the commercial brand Contrave (bupropion plus naltrexone SR), started a Phase III research program called “Contrave Obesity Research” (COR). The COR-I study, the first of the program, was conducted between 2007 and 2009 and published in 2010.36 The participating subjects had either uncomplicated obesity with a BMI between 30 and 45 kg/m2 or a BMI of 27–45 kg/m2 associated with dyslipidemia or arterial hypertension. A total of 1,742 patients were randomized into one of the three treatment groups: bupropion 360 mg plus naltrexone SR 32 mg/day (NB32), bupropion 360 mg plus naltrexone SR 16 mg/day (NB16), or placebo (P). The primary endpoints were the percentage of weight loss and the proportion of patients achieving a weight loss of 5% or greater. Only 50% completed the 56 weeks of treatment. The primary analysis included all randomized patients with a post-baseline weight measurement (n=1,453). The percentage of weight loss was −1.3% in the P group, −5.0% in the NB16 group, and −6.1% in the NB32 group (P<0.001). There were nine SAEs in the NB32 group, nine in the NB16 group, and eight in the P group. None of them was related to the investigational drug according to the researcher’s reports. The most frequently reported AE was nausea, with an incidence of 29.8% in the two NB groups combined, in front of 5.3% in the P group.

Another Phase III study in the COR program was published in 2011.46 In this trial, the pharmacological intervention was carried out together with an intensive behavior-modification program (BMOD), following the recommendation of an expert panel of the National Institutes of Health.4 Patients (n=793) with an uncomplicated obesity (BMI between 30 and 45 kg/m2) or with a BMI between 27 and 45 kg/m2 plus dyslipidemia or hypertension were randomized at a 1:3 ratio to BMOD plus placebo or BMOD plus a combination of naltrexone SR 32 mg/day and bupropion 360 mg/day (NB32). The co-primary endpoints were percentage of change in weight and the proportion of participants who lost ≥5% of the baseline weight at week 56. With an ITT analysis, at week 56, weight loss was 5.1% with placebo plus BMOD versus 9.3% with NB32 + BMOD (P<0.001). Completers analysis revealed weight losses of 7.3% (n=106) versus 11.5% (n=301), respectively (P<0.001). There were two SAEs potentially related to the study drug, consisting of cholecystitis. The most common adverse effect was nausea (incidence of 34% in the NB32 group). Other adverse effects that were more frequently reported in the NB32 group were constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, tremor, abdominal pain, and tinnitus.

The COR-II48 study had a very similar design to COR-I, but it had only two treatment arms: placebo versus bupropion 360 mg/day plus naltrexone SR 32 mg/day (NB32) in a 1:2 proportion. It was conducted between December 2007 and June 2009 and published in 2013. A total of 1,496 subjects with uncomplicated obesity (BMI 30–45 kg/m2) or with a BMI between 27 and 45 kg/m2 with concomitant hypertension or dyslipidemia took part in this double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The co-primary endpoints were the percentage of weight change and the proportion achieving a 5% weight loss at week 28. A greater weight loss was observed with NB32 versus placebo at week 28 (−6.5% vs −1.9%; P<0.001). There was an extension to 56 weeks, and patients who had not achieved a weight loss greater than 5% by week 28 were re-randomized to NB32 or bupropion 360 mg/day plus naltrexone SR 48 mg/day. There were no significant differences between these groups. Regarding safety, there was an SAE in 2.1% of patients in the NB32 group, including one episode of seizures and one of myocardial infarction, in front of 1.4% of patients with an SAE in the placebo group. The most frequent AEs related to the treatment were nausea, headache, and constipation.

Regarding other endpoints, which have mainly been focused on cardiovascular risk markers, the overall effect of the naltrexone/bupropion combination has been positive over lipid profile and insulin resistance. In the COR-II study,48 at week 28, change in low-density lipoprotein was −4.4 versus 0.0 mg/dL, change in triglycerides was −7.3% versus −1.4%, change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was +1.2 versus −1.4 mg/dL, and change in homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index was −16.4% versus −4.2% for NB32 versus placebo, respectively. In a Phase II sub-study, approximately 78% of weight loss with the combination was due to loss of adipose tissue, and the proportion of subcutaneous and visceral adiposity loss was similar at week 24.47 This is comparable to the pattern of weight loss accomplished with diet and exercise.

However, these positive effects were not observed for blood pressure. In the COR-II study,48 at week 28, change in systolic blood pressure was −0.9 versus −1.2 mmHg (P=0.055) and change in diastolic blood pressure was +0.2 versus −0.7 mmHg (P<0.05) for NB32 versus placebo, respectively. Heart rate was also increased by an average of 1 bpm in the NB group. However, the normal 24-hour circadian patterns of blood pressure and heart rate were maintained over 1 year of treatment.43 These findings are consistent with the well-known pharmacological effects of bupropion on blood pressure and heart rate, but we need more information on cardiovascular outcomes.35

A Phase III trial called “Light Study”,66 which has the aim of assessing the cardiovascular outcomes of the combination of bupropion and naltrexone in the treatment of obesity, is ongoing and the primary completion date is estimated to be 2017. However, a provisional analysis of the data might be performed by the end of 2014.

Human studies in different clinical situations

A clinical trial assessing the efficacy of bupropion and naltrexone in smoking cessation and weight changes in overweight and obese smoking subjects was published in 2010.32 Thirty patients were enrolled in the open-label and single-arm study of 24 weeks and were treated with naltrexone SR 32 mg/day and bupropion SR 360 mg/day. The abstinence rate achieved was 48%, and patients who continued smoking significantly reduced their nicotine dose. Body weight was essentially unchanged (week 12: −0.1%; week 24: +0.4%). The absence of the typical weight gain associated with smoking cessation should be considered a significant advance.

A clinical trial assessing the efficacy of bupropion and naltrexone in depressive symptoms and body-weight changes in overweight or obese patients with major depressive disorder was published in 2013.49 Female patients (n=25) were enrolled in the open-label single-arm study of 24 weeks and treated with naltrexone SR 32 mg/day and bupropion SR 360 mg/day. A significant improvement in Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score was observed and body-weight losses of −4.0% at week 12 and −5.3% at week 24 were shown using an ITT analysis.

Conclusion

Contrave®, a combination of bupropion and naltrexone SR, seems an interesting drug to reduce appetite and therefore induce weight loss. The mechanism of action of both drugs in combination is synergistic or at least fully additive and more effective than in monotherapy. We can conclude from the current published reports that the effectiveness of bupropion plus naltrexone in the treatment of obesity is moderate. However, a weight loss of at least 5% was achieved in all the studies and minimal side effects were observed (mainly nausea). This weight reduction is similar to that achieved with other drugs approved for the treatment of obesity such as orlistat and sibutramine. Regarding effects other than weight loss, the combination has a positive effect on all components of the lipid profile (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides) and insulin resistance. However, the lack of effect on blood pressure and the increase in heart rate of 1 bpm caused the authorities to postpone its approval. We are waiting for the results of the ongoing trial about cardiovascular outcomes that will be finished by 2017. In our opinion, given the scarcity of drugs for obesity treatment and considering the benefits of a 5% weight loss and benefits on the lipid profile, we wish for a favorable resolution on the cardiovascular outcomes of this combined drug.