OBJECTIVE:Alternate day fasting (ADF; 24-h feeding/24-h 25% energy intake at lunchtime), is effective for weight loss, but diet tolerability is questionable. Moving the fast day meal to dinnertime, or dividing it into smaller meals, may improve tolerability. Accordingly, this study compared the effects of ADF with three meal times on body weight and heart disease risk. METHODS:Obese subjects (n = 74) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 8 weeks: 1) ADF-L: lunch, 2) ADF-D: dinner, or 3) ADF-SM: small meals. RESULTS:Body weight decreased similarly (P < 0.001) in all groups (ADF-L: 3.5 ± 0.4 kg, ADF-D 4.1 ± 0.5 kg, ADF-SM 4.0 ± 0.5 kg). Reductions (P < 0.001) in fat mass and visceral fat were also comparable. Plasma lipids remained unchanged, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size increased (P < 0.05) in all groups (1.3 ± 0.5 Å). Systolic blood pressure decreased (P < 0.05) by ADF-SM only. Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, allowing individuals to consume the fast day meal at dinner or small meals produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as consuming the meal at lunch. This flexibility in meal timing may increase tolerability and long-term adherence to ADF protocols.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVE: Alternate day fasting (ADF; 24-h feeding/24-h 25% energy intake at lunchtime), is effective for weight loss, but diet tolerability is questionable. Moving the fast day meal to dinnertime, or dividing it into smaller meals, may improve tolerability. Accordingly, this study compared the effects of ADF with three meal times on body weight and heart disease risk. METHODS:Obese subjects (n = 74) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 8 weeks: 1) ADF-L: lunch, 2) ADF-D: dinner, or 3) ADF-SM: small meals. RESULTS: Body weight decreased similarly (P < 0.001) in all groups (ADF-L: 3.5 ± 0.4 kg, ADF-D 4.1 ± 0.5 kg, ADF-SM 4.0 ± 0.5 kg). Reductions (P < 0.001) in fat mass and visceral fat were also comparable. Plasma lipids remained unchanged, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size increased (P < 0.05) in all groups (1.3 ± 0.5 Å). Systolic blood pressure decreased (P < 0.05) by ADF-SM only. Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, allowing individuals to consume the fast day meal at dinner or small meals produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as consuming the meal at lunch. This flexibility in meal timing may increase tolerability and long-term adherence to ADF protocols.
Authors: John F Trepanowski; Cynthia M Kroeger; Adrienne Barnosky; Monica C Klempel; Surabhi Bhutani; Kristin K Hoddy; Kelsey Gabel; Sally Freels; Joseph Rigdon; Jennifer Rood; Eric Ravussin; Krista A Varady Journal: JAMA Intern Med Date: 2017-07-01 Impact factor: 21.873
Authors: Elizabeth F Sutton; Robbie Beyl; Kate S Early; William T Cefalu; Eric Ravussin; Courtney M Peterson Journal: Cell Metab Date: 2018-05-10 Impact factor: 27.287
Authors: Victoria A Catenacci; Zhaoxing Pan; Danielle Ostendorf; Sarah Brannon; Wendolyn S Gozansky; Mark P Mattson; Bronwen Martin; Paul S MacLean; Edward L Melanson; William Troy Donahoo Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring) Date: 2016-09 Impact factor: 5.002
Authors: Tiffany A Dong; Pratik B Sandesara; Devinder S Dhindsa; Anurag Mehta; Laura C Arneson; Allen L Dollar; Pam R Taub; Laurence S Sperling Journal: Am J Med Date: 2020-04-21 Impact factor: 4.965