Augusto César Ferreira de Moraes1, Luis Gracia-Marco2, Iris Iglesia3, Marcela González-Gross4, Christina Breidenassel4, Marika Ferrari5, Dénes Molnar6, Sonia Gómez-Martínez7, Odysseas Androutsos8, Anthony Kafatos9, Magdalena Cuenca-García10, Michael Sjöström11, Frederic Gottrand12, Kurt Widhalm13, Heráclito Barbosa Carvalho14, Luis A Moreno15. 1. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: augustocesar.demoraes@usp.br. 2. GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; University of Exeter, Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, Exeter, United Kingdom. 3. GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. 4. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport-INEF, Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Universität Bonn, Institut für Ernährungs-und Lebensmittelwissenschaften-Humanernährung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms, Bonn, Germany. 5. National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy. 6. Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Department of Paediatrics, Pécs, Hungary. 7. Food Science and Technology and Nutrition Institute, Spanish National Research Council Immunonutrition-Research Group Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain. 8. Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. 9. University of Crete School of Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Unit, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. 10. Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine of the University of Granada, Granada, Spain. 11. Department of Biosciences, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 12. Unité Inserm U995 & Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Lille, France. 13. Department of Pediatrics, Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. 14. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. 15. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; GENUD-Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Previous research showed that low concentration of biomarkers in the blood during adolescence (i.e., iron status; retinol; and vitamins B6, B12, C, and D) may be involved in the early stages of development of many chronic diseases, such as hypertension. The aim was to evaluate if iron biomarkers and vitamins in the blood are associated with blood pressure in European adolescents. METHODS: Participants from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence cross-sectional study (N = 1089; 12.5-17.5 y; 580 girls) were selected by complex sampling. Multilevel linear regression models examined the associations between iron biomarkers and vitamins in the blood and blood pressure; the analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for contextual and individual potential confounders. RESULTS: A positive association was found in girls between RBC folate concentration and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = 3.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-5.77), although no association between the vitamin serum biomarkers concentrations and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found. In boys, retinol was positively associated with DBP (β = 3.84; 95% CI, 0.51-7.17) and vitamin B6 was positively associated with SBP (β = 3.82; 95% CI, 1.46-6.18). In contrast, holotranscobalamin was inversely associated with SBP (β = -3.74; 95% CI, -7.28 to -0.21). CONCLUSIONS: Levels of RBC folate and vitamin B6 in blood may affect BP in adolescents. In this context, programs aimed at avoiding high BP levels should promote healthy eating behavior by focusing on the promotion of vegetable proteins and foods rich in vitamin B12 (i.e., white meat and eggs), which may help to achieve BP blood control in adolescents.
OBJECTIVES: Previous research showed that low concentration of biomarkers in the blood during adolescence (i.e., iron status; retinol; and vitamins B6, B12, C, and D) may be involved in the early stages of development of many chronic diseases, such as hypertension. The aim was to evaluate if iron biomarkers and vitamins in the blood are associated with blood pressure in European adolescents. METHODS:Participants from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence cross-sectional study (N = 1089; 12.5-17.5 y; 580 girls) were selected by complex sampling. Multilevel linear regression models examined the associations between iron biomarkers and vitamins in the blood and blood pressure; the analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for contextual and individual potential confounders. RESULTS: A positive association was found in girls between RBC folate concentration and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = 3.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-5.77), although no association between the vitamin serum biomarkers concentrations and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was found. In boys, retinol was positively associated with DBP (β = 3.84; 95% CI, 0.51-7.17) and vitamin B6 was positively associated with SBP (β = 3.82; 95% CI, 1.46-6.18). In contrast, holotranscobalamin was inversely associated with SBP (β = -3.74; 95% CI, -7.28 to -0.21). CONCLUSIONS: Levels of RBC folate and vitamin B6 in blood may affect BP in adolescents. In this context, programs aimed at avoiding high BP levels should promote healthy eating behavior by focusing on the promotion of vegetable proteins and foods rich in vitamin B12 (i.e., white meat and eggs), which may help to achieve BP blood control in adolescents.
Authors: Minxue Shen; Hongzhuan Tan; Shujin Zhou; Ravi Retnakaran; Graeme N Smith; Sandra T Davidge; Jacquetta Trasler; Mark C Walker; Shi Wu Wen Journal: PLoS One Date: 2016-05-16 Impact factor: 3.240