Alexander Iribarne1, Helena Chang2, John H Alexander3, A Marc Gillinov4, Ellen Moquete5, John D Puskas6, Emilia Bagiella5, Michael A Acker7, Mary Lou Mayer8, T Bruce Ferguson9, Sandra Burks10, Louis P Perrault11, Stacey Welsh1, Karen C Johnston12, Mandy Murphy13, Joseph J DeRose14, Alexis Neill15, Edlira Dobrev5, Kim T Baio15, Wendy Taddei-Peters16, Alan J Moskowitz5, Patrick T O'Gara17. 1. Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. 2. International Center for Health Outcomes and Innovation Research (InCHOIR), Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. Electronic address: helena.l.chang@mountsinai.org. 3. Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. 4. Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. 5. International Center for Health Outcomes and Innovation Research (InCHOIR), Department of Health Evidence and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. 6. Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York. 7. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 8. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 9. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, East Carolina Heart Institute at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina. 10. Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia. 11. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 12. Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia. 13. National Institutes of Health Heart Center at Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. 14. Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Montefiore-Einstein Heart Center, New York, New York. 15. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. 16. Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. 17. Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Readmissions are a common problem in cardiac surgery. The goal of this study was to examine the frequency, timing, and associated risk factors for readmission after cardiac operations. METHODS: A 10-center cohort study prospectively enrolled 5,158 adult cardiac surgical patients (5,059 included in analysis) to assess risk factors for infection after cardiac operations. Data were also collected on all-cause readmissions occurring within 65 days after the operation. Major outcomes included the readmission rate stratified by procedure type, cause of readmission, length of readmission stay, and discharge disposition after readmission. Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine risk factors for time to first readmission. RESULTS: The overall rate of readmission was 18.7% (number of readmissions, 945). When stratified by the most common procedure type, readmission rates were isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, 14.9% (n = 248); isolated valve, 18.3% (n = 337); and coronary artery bypass grafting plus valve, 25.0% (n = 169). The three most common causes of first readmission within 30 days were infection (17.1% [n = 115]), arrhythmia (17.1% [n = 115]), and volume overload (13.5% [n = 91]). More first readmissions occurred within 30 days (80.6% [n = 672]) than after 30 days (19.4% [n = 162]), and 50% of patients were readmitted within 22 days from the index operation. The median length of stay during the first readmission was 5 days. Discharge in 15.8% of readmitted patients (n = 128) was to a location other than home. Baseline patient characteristics associated with readmission included female gender, diabetes mellitus on medication, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, elevated creatinine, lower hemoglobin, and longer operation time. More complex surgical procedures were associated with an increased risk of readmission compared with the coronary artery bypass grafting group. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 1 of 5 patients who undergo cardiac operations require readmission, an outcome with significant health and economic implications. Management practices to avert in-hospital infections, reduce postoperative arrhythmias, and avoid volume overload offer important targets for quality improvement.
BACKGROUND: Readmissions are a common problem in cardiac surgery. The goal of this study was to examine the frequency, timing, and associated risk factors for readmission after cardiac operations. METHODS: A 10-center cohort study prospectively enrolled 5,158 adult cardiac surgical patients (5,059 included in analysis) to assess risk factors for infection after cardiac operations. Data were also collected on all-cause readmissions occurring within 65 days after the operation. Major outcomes included the readmission rate stratified by procedure type, cause of readmission, length of readmission stay, and discharge disposition after readmission. Multivariable Cox regression was used to determine risk factors for time to first readmission. RESULTS: The overall rate of readmission was 18.7% (number of readmissions, 945). When stratified by the most common procedure type, readmission rates were isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, 14.9% (n = 248); isolated valve, 18.3% (n = 337); and coronary artery bypass grafting plus valve, 25.0% (n = 169). The three most common causes of first readmission within 30 days were infection (17.1% [n = 115]), arrhythmia (17.1% [n = 115]), and volume overload (13.5% [n = 91]). More first readmissions occurred within 30 days (80.6% [n = 672]) than after 30 days (19.4% [n = 162]), and 50% of patients were readmitted within 22 days from the index operation. The median length of stay during the first readmission was 5 days. Discharge in 15.8% of readmitted patients (n = 128) was to a location other than home. Baseline patient characteristics associated with readmission included female gender, diabetes mellitus on medication, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, elevated creatinine, lower hemoglobin, and longer operation time. More complex surgical procedures were associated with an increased risk of readmission compared with the coronary artery bypass grafting group. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 1 of 5 patients who undergo cardiac operations require readmission, an outcome with significant health and economic implications. Management practices to avert in-hospital infections, reduce postoperative arrhythmias, and avoid volume overload offer important targets for quality improvement.
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