Antonia Kwan1, Roshini S Abraham2, Robert Currier3, Amy Brower4, Karen Andruszewski5, Jordan K Abbott6, Mei Baker7, Mark Ballow8, Louis E Bartoshesky9, Francisco A Bonilla10, Charles Brokopp11, Edward Brooks12, Michele Caggana13, Jocelyn Celestin14, Joseph A Church15, Anne Marie Comeau16, James A Connelly17, Morton J Cowan1, Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles18, Trivikram Dasu19, Nina Dave20, Maria T De La Morena21, Ulrich Duffner22, Chin-To Fong23, Lisa Forbes24, Debra Freedenberg25, Erwin W Gelfand6, Jaime E Hale26, I Celine Hanson24, Beverly N Hay27, Diana Hu28, Anthony Infante12, Daisy Johnson25, Neena Kapoor15, Denise M Kay13, Donald B Kohn29, Rachel Lee25, Heather Lehman8, Zhili Lin30, Fred Lorey3, Aly Abdel-Mageed22, Adrienne Manning31, Sean McGhee32, Theodore B Moore29, Stanley J Naides33, Luigi D Notarangelo10, Jordan S Orange24, Sung-Yun Pai10, Matthew Porteus32, Ray Rodriguez20, Neil Romberg34, John Routes35, Mary Ruehle36, Arye Rubenstein37, Carlos A Saavedra-Matiz13, Ginger Scott25, Patricia M Scott38, Elizabeth Secord36, Christine Seroogy39, William T Shearer24, Subhadra Siegel40, Stacy K Silvers41, E Richard Stiehm29, Robert W Sugerman41, John L Sullivan27, Susan Tanksley25, Millard L Tierce36, James Verbsky35, Beth Vogel13, Rosalyn Walker20, Kelly Walkovich17, Jolan E Walter42, Richard L Wasserman41, Michael S Watson4, Geoffrey A Weinberg23, Leonard B Weiner43, Heather Wood5, Anne B Yates20, Jennifer M Puck1, Vincent R Bonagura. 1. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco2UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California. 2. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. 3. Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond. 4. Newborn Screening Translational Research Network, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Bethesda, Maryland. 5. Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing. 6. Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado. 7. Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison9Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison. 8. Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. 9. Department of Pediatrics, Christiana Care Health System, Wilmington, Delaware. 10. Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts13Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 11. Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison. 12. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. 13. Newborn Screening Program, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany. 14. Division of Allergy and Immunology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York. 15. Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles19Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 16. New England Newborn Screening Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain31 Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. 17. University of Michigan C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor. 18. Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York. 19. Clinical Immunodiagnostic and Research Laboratory, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. 20. Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson. 21. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. 22. Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan. 23. University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York. 24. Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas29Texas Children's Hospital, Houston. 25. Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin. 26. New England Newborn Screening Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain. 27. Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. 28. Tuba City Regional Health Care, Tuba City, Arizona. 29. Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles. 30. PerkinElmer Genetics, Bridgeville, Pennsylvania. 31. Connecticut Department of Public Health Laboratory, Rocky Hill. 32. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California37Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California. 33. Immunology Department, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California. 34. Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. 35. Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. 36. Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit. 37. Division of Allergy and Immunology, Montefiore Medical Park, Bronx, New York. 38. Newborn Screening Program, Delaware Public Health Laboratory, Smyrna. 39. Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison. 40. New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York. 41. Medical City Children's Hospital, Dallas, Texas. 42. Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston48Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 43. Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using assays to detect T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) began in Wisconsin in 2008, and SCID was added to the national recommended uniform panel for newborn screened disorders in 2010. Currently 23 states, the District of Columbia, and the Navajo Nation conduct population-wide newborn screening for SCID. The incidence of SCID is estimated at 1 in 100,000 births. OBJECTIVES: To present data from a spectrum of SCID newborn screening programs, establish population-based incidence for SCID and other conditions with T-cell lymphopenia, and document early institution of effective treatments. DESIGN: Epidemiological and retrospective observational study. SETTING: Representatives in states conducting SCID newborn screening were invited to submit their SCID screening algorithms, test performance data, and deidentified clinical and laboratory information regarding infants screened and cases with nonnormal results. Infants born from the start of each participating program from January 2008 through the most recent evaluable date prior to July 2013 were included. Representatives from 10 states plus the Navajo Area Indian Health Service contributed data from 3,030,083 newborns screened with a TREC test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Infants with SCID and other diagnoses of T-cell lymphopenia were classified. Incidence and, where possible, etiologies were determined. Interventions and survival were tracked. RESULTS: Screening detected 52 cases of typical SCID, leaky SCID, and Omenn syndrome, affecting 1 in 58,000 infants (95% CI, 1/46,000-1/80,000). Survival of SCID-affected infants through their diagnosis and immune reconstitution was 87% (45/52), 92% (45/49) for infants who received transplantation, enzyme replacement, and/or gene therapy. Additional interventions for SCID and non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia included immunoglobulin infusions, preventive antibiotics, and avoidance of live vaccines. Variations in definitions and follow-up practices influenced the rates of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Newborn screening in 11 programs in the United States identified SCID in 1 in 58,000 infants, with high survival. The usefulness of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenias by the same screening remains to be determined.
IMPORTANCE: Newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) using assays to detect T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) began in Wisconsin in 2008, and SCID was added to the national recommended uniform panel for newborn screened disorders in 2010. Currently 23 states, the District of Columbia, and the Navajo Nation conduct population-wide newborn screening for SCID. The incidence of SCID is estimated at 1 in 100,000 births. OBJECTIVES: To present data from a spectrum of SCID newborn screening programs, establish population-based incidence for SCID and other conditions with T-cell lymphopenia, and document early institution of effective treatments. DESIGN: Epidemiological and retrospective observational study. SETTING: Representatives in states conducting SCID newborn screening were invited to submit their SCID screening algorithms, test performance data, and deidentified clinical and laboratory information regarding infants screened and cases with nonnormal results. Infants born from the start of each participating program from January 2008 through the most recent evaluable date prior to July 2013 were included. Representatives from 10 states plus the Navajo Area Indian Health Service contributed data from 3,030,083 newborns screened with a TREC test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Infants with SCID and other diagnoses of T-cell lymphopenia were classified. Incidence and, where possible, etiologies were determined. Interventions and survival were tracked. RESULTS: Screening detected 52 cases of typical SCID, leaky SCID, and Omenn syndrome, affecting 1 in 58,000 infants (95% CI, 1/46,000-1/80,000). Survival of SCID-affected infants through their diagnosis and immune reconstitution was 87% (45/52), 92% (45/49) for infants who received transplantation, enzyme replacement, and/or gene therapy. Additional interventions for SCID and non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia included immunoglobulin infusions, preventive antibiotics, and avoidance of live vaccines. Variations in definitions and follow-up practices influenced the rates of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Newborn screening in 11 programs in the United States identified SCID in 1 in 58,000 infants, with high survival. The usefulness of detection of non-SCID T-cell lymphopenias by the same screening remains to be determined.
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