Teresa T Fung1, Meredith H Arasaratnam1, Francine Grodstein1, Jeffrey N Katz1, Bernard Rosner1, Walter C Willett1, Diane Feskanich1. 1. From the Departments of Epidemiology (FG, JNK, WCW, and MHA), Nutrition (WCW, TTF), and Biostatistics (BR), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA (TTF); the Channing Division of Network Medicine (DF, FG, BR, and WCW), the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy (JNK), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (MHA).
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The frequency of soda consumption remains high in the United States. Soda consumption has been associated with poor bone health in children, but few studies have examined this relation in adults, and to our knowledge, no study has examined the relation of soda consumption with risk of hip fractures. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of soda, including specific types of soda, and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: An analysis was conducted in postmenopausal women from the Nurses' Health Study cohort (n = 73,572). Diet was assessed at baseline by using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire and updated approximately every 4 y. In ≤30 y of follow-up, we identified 1873 incident hip fractures. We computed RRs for hip fractures by the amount of soda consumption by using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: In multivariable models, each additional serving of total soda per day was associated with a significant 14% increased risk of hip fracture (RR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23). The attributable risk in our cohort for total soda consumption was 12.5%. Risk was significantly elevated in consumers of both regular soda (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.38) and diet soda (RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.21) and also did not significantly differ between colas and noncolas or sodas with or without caffeine. The association between soda and hip fractures did not differ by body mass index or diagnosis of diabetes. CONCLUSION: Increased soda consumption of all types may be associated with increased risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women; however, a clear mechanism was not apparent on the basis of these observational data.
BACKGROUND: The frequency of soda consumption remains high in the United States. Soda consumption has been associated with poor bone health in children, but few studies have examined this relation in adults, and to our knowledge, no study has examined the relation of soda consumption with risk of hip fractures. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of soda, including specific types of soda, and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. DESIGN: An analysis was conducted in postmenopausal women from the Nurses' Health Study cohort (n = 73,572). Diet was assessed at baseline by using a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire and updated approximately every 4 y. In ≤30 y of follow-up, we identified 1873 incident hip fractures. We computed RRs for hip fractures by the amount of soda consumption by using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: In multivariable models, each additional serving of total soda per day was associated with a significant 14% increased risk of hip fracture (RR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.23). The attributable risk in our cohort for total soda consumption was 12.5%. Risk was significantly elevated in consumers of both regular soda (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.38) and diet soda (RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.21) and also did not significantly differ between colas and noncolas or sodas with or without caffeine. The association between soda and hip fractures did not differ by body mass index or diagnosis of diabetes. CONCLUSION: Increased soda consumption of all types may be associated with increased risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women; however, a clear mechanism was not apparent on the basis of these observational data.
Authors: M Hernández-Avila; M J Stampfer; V A Ravnikar; W C Willett; I Schiff; M Francis; C Longcope; S M McKinlay; C ] Longscope C [corrected to Longcope Journal: Epidemiology Date: 1993-03 Impact factor: 4.822
Authors: Christine M Swanson; Wendy M Kohrt; Orfeu M Buxton; Carol A Everson; Kenneth P Wright; Eric S Orwoll; Steven A Shea Journal: Metabolism Date: 2017-12-09 Impact factor: 8.694