Joost Janssen1, Yasser Alemán-Gómez2, Hugo Schnack3, Evan Balaban4, Laura Pina-Camacho5, Fidel Alfaro-Almagro6, Josefina Castro-Fornieles7, Soraya Otero8, Inmaculada Baeza9, Dolores Moreno10, Nuria Bargalló11, Mara Parellada10, Celso Arango10, Manuel Desco2. 1. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: joost.janssen76@gmail.com. 2. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain. 3. Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. 4. Behavioral Neurosciences Program, McGill University, N8-15 Stewart Biological Sciences Building, 1205 Docteur Penfield Avenue, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada. 5. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 de Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. 6. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain. 7. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Casanovas, 143, Barcelona 08036, Spain. 8. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Avda. Valdecilla nº 25, 39008 Santander, Spain. 9. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona 08036, Spain. 10. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain. 11. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain; Image Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence points to overlapping decreases in cortical thickness and gyrification in the frontal lobe of patients with adult-onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms, but it is not clear if these findings generalize to patients with a disease onset during adolescence and what may be the mechanisms underlying a decrease in gyrification. METHOD: This study analyzed cortical morphology using surface-based morphometry in 92 subjects (age range 11-18 years, 52 healthy controls and 40 adolescents with early-onset first-episode psychosis diagnosed with schizophrenia (n=20) or bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms (n=20) based on a two year clinical follow up). Average lobar cortical thickness, surface area, gyrification index (GI) and sulcal width were compared between groups, and the relationship between the GI and sulcal width was assessed in the patient group. RESULTS: Both patients groups showed decreased cortical thickness and increased sulcal width in the frontal cortex when compared to healthy controls. The schizophrenia subgroup also had increased sulcal width in all other lobes. In the frontal cortex of the combined patient group sulcal width was negatively correlated (r=-0.58, p<0.001) with the GI. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms there is cortical thinning, decreased GI and increased sulcal width of the frontal cortex present at the time of the first psychotic episode. Decreased frontal GI is associated with the widening of the frontal sulci which may reduce sulcal surface area. These results suggest that abnormal growth (or more pronounced shrinkage during adolescence) of the frontal cortex represents a shared endophenotype for psychosis.
INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence points to overlapping decreases in cortical thickness and gyrification in the frontal lobe of patients with adult-onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms, but it is not clear if these findings generalize to patients with a disease onset during adolescence and what may be the mechanisms underlying a decrease in gyrification. METHOD: This study analyzed cortical morphology using surface-based morphometry in 92 subjects (age range 11-18 years, 52 healthy controls and 40 adolescents with early-onset first-episode psychosis diagnosed with schizophrenia (n=20) or bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms (n=20) based on a two year clinical follow up). Average lobar cortical thickness, surface area, gyrification index (GI) and sulcal width were compared between groups, and the relationship between the GI and sulcal width was assessed in the patient group. RESULTS: Both patients groups showed decreased cortical thickness and increased sulcal width in the frontal cortex when compared to healthy controls. The schizophrenia subgroup also had increased sulcal width in all other lobes. In the frontal cortex of the combined patient group sulcal width was negatively correlated (r=-0.58, p<0.001) with the GI. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic symptoms there is cortical thinning, decreased GI and increased sulcal width of the frontal cortex present at the time of the first psychotic episode. Decreased frontal GI is associated with the widening of the frontal sulci which may reduce sulcal surface area. These results suggest that abnormal growth (or more pronounced shrinkage during adolescence) of the frontal cortex represents a shared endophenotype for psychosis.
Authors: Laura Pina-Camacho; Ángel Del Rey-Mejías; Joost Janssen; Miquel Bioque; Ana González-Pinto; Celso Arango; Antonio Lobo; Salvador Sarró; Manuel Desco; Julio Sanjuan; Maria Lacalle-Aurioles; Manuel J Cuesta; Jerónimo Saiz-Ruiz; Miguel Bernardo; Mara Parellada Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2015-09-14 Impact factor: 9.306
Authors: Melissa Plooster; Guendalina Rossi; Martilias S Farrell; Jessica C McAfee; Jessica L Bell; Michael Ye; Graham H Diering; Hyejung Won; Stephanie L Gupton; Patrick Brennwald Journal: J Neurosci Date: 2021-10-12 Impact factor: 6.167
Authors: Shaili C Jha; Kai Xia; James Eric Schmitt; Mihye Ahn; Jessica B Girault; Veronica A Murphy; Gang Li; Li Wang; Dinggang Shen; Fei Zou; Hongtu Zhu; Martin Styner; Rebecca C Knickmeyer; John H Gilmore Journal: Hum Brain Mapp Date: 2018-08-24 Impact factor: 5.038
Authors: Joost Janssen; Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja; Clara Alloza; Anouck Schippers; Lucía de Hoyos; Javier Santonja; Pedro M Gordaliza; Elizabeth E L Buimer; Neeltje E M van Haren; Wiepke Cahn; Celso Arango; René S Kahn; Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol; Hugo G Schnack Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2021-03-16 Impact factor: 9.306
Authors: Eric A Reavis; Junghee Lee; Jonathan K Wynn; Stephen A Engel; Amy M Jimenez; Michael F Green Journal: Cereb Cortex Date: 2017-05-01 Impact factor: 5.357
Authors: James A Karantonis; Sean P Carruthers; Susan L Rossell; Christos Pantelis; Matthew Hughes; Cassandra Wannan; Vanessa Cropley; Tamsyn E Van Rheenen Journal: Schizophr Bull Date: 2021-10-21 Impact factor: 7.348