Jennie Fischer1, Irene Rodríguez2, Beatrice Baumann1, Elisabeth Guiral3, Lothar Beutin1, Andreas Schroeter1, Annemarie Kaesbohrer1, Yvonne Pfeifer4, Reiner Helmuth1, Beatriz Guerra5. 1. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany. 2. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Servicio de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain. 3. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 4. Robert Koch Institute, FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany. 5. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Straße 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany beatriz.guerra@bfr.bund.de.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The characterization of CTX-M-₁₅ β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates originating mainly from German livestock and food. METHODS: E. coli (526, mainly commensals) and Salmonella (151) non-human isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, originating from routine and monitoring submissions (2003-12) to the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment and different national targeted studies (2011-12), were examined for the presence of blaCTX-M-₁₅ genes by PCR amplification/sequencing. Additional resistance and virulence genes were screened by DNA microarray and PCR amplification. E. coli isolates with blaCTX-M-₁₅ were characterized by phylogenetic grouping, PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The blaCTX-M-15 plasmids were analysed by replicon typing, plasmid MLST, S1 nuclease PFGE and Southern blot hybridization experiments. RESULTS: Twenty-one E. coli (livestock, food and a toy; 4.0%) and two Salmonella (horse and swine; 1.3%) isolates were CTX-M-₁₅ producers. E. coli isolates were mainly ascribed to three clonal lineages of sequence types ST678 (German outbreak with enteroaggregative Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli O104:H4; salmon, cucumber and a toy), ST410 (poultry, swine and cattle farms) and ST167/617 (swine farms and turkey meat). The blaCTX-M-₁₅ genes were located on IncI1 and multireplicon IncF plasmids or on the chromosome of E. coli ST410 isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CTX-M-₁₅-producing isolates from non-human sources in Germany is still low. The blaCTX-M-₁₅ gene is, however, present in multidrug-resistant E. coli clones with pathogenic potential in livestock and food. The maintenance of the blaCTX-M-₁₅ gene due to chromosomal carriage is noteworthy. The possibility of an exchange of CTX-M-₁₅-producing isolates or plasmids between livestock and humans (in both directions) deserves continuous surveillance.
OBJECTIVES: The characterization of CTX-M-₁₅ β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates originating mainly from German livestock and food. METHODS:E. coli (526, mainly commensals) and Salmonella (151) non-human isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, originating from routine and monitoring submissions (2003-12) to the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment and different national targeted studies (2011-12), were examined for the presence of blaCTX-M-₁₅ genes by PCR amplification/sequencing. Additional resistance and virulence genes were screened by DNA microarray and PCR amplification. E. coli isolates with blaCTX-M-₁₅ were characterized by phylogenetic grouping, PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The blaCTX-M-15 plasmids were analysed by replicon typing, plasmid MLST, S1 nuclease PFGE and Southern blot hybridization experiments. RESULTS: Twenty-one E. coli (livestock, food and a toy; 4.0%) and two Salmonella (horse and swine; 1.3%) isolates were CTX-M-₁₅ producers. E. coli isolates were mainly ascribed to three clonal lineages of sequence types ST678 (German outbreak with enteroaggregative Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli O104:H4; salmon, cucumber and a toy), ST410 (poultry, swine and cattle farms) and ST167/617 (swine farms and turkey meat). The blaCTX-M-₁₅ genes were located on IncI1 and multireplicon IncF plasmids or on the chromosome of E. coli ST410 isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CTX-M-₁₅-producing isolates from non-human sources in Germany is still low. The blaCTX-M-₁₅ gene is, however, present in multidrug-resistant E. coli clones with pathogenic potential in livestock and food. The maintenance of the blaCTX-M-₁₅ gene due to chromosomal carriage is noteworthy. The possibility of an exchange of CTX-M-₁₅-producing isolates or plasmids between livestock and humans (in both directions) deserves continuous surveillance.
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