Keren Middelkoop1, Barun Mathema2, Landon Myer3, Elena Shashkina4, Andrew Whitelaw5, Gilla Kaplan6, Barry Kreiswirth4, Robin Wood1, Linda-Gail Bekker1. 1. Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine Department of Medicine. 2. Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center. 3. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town. 4. Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center. 5. Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. 6. Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In settings of high tuberculosis transmission, little is known of the interaction between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis disease and of the impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs on tuberculosis transmission dynamics. METHODS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were collected from patients with tuberculosis who resided in a South African township with a high burden of tuberculosis and HIV infection. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from clinic records. Isolates underwent IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Patients with unique (nonclustered) M. tuberculosis genotypes and cluster index cases (ie, the first tuberculosis case in a cluster) were defined as having tuberculosis due to reactivation of latent M. tuberculosis infection. Secondary cases in clusters were defined as having tuberculosis due to recent M. tuberculosis infection. RESULTS: Overall, 311 M. tuberculosis genotypes were identified among 718 isolates from 710 patients; 224 (31%) isolates were unique strains, and 478 (67%) occurred in 87 clusters. Cluster index cases were significantly more likely than other tuberculosis cases to be HIV negative. HIV-positive patients were more likely to be secondary cases (P = .001), including patients receiving ART (P = .004). Only 8% of cases of adult-adult transmission of tuberculosis occurred on shared residential plots. CONCLUSIONS: Recent infection accounted for the majority of tuberculosis cases, particularly among HIV-positive patients, including patients receiving ART. HIV-negative patients may be disproportionally responsible for ongoing transmission.
BACKGROUND: In settings of high tuberculosis transmission, little is known of the interaction between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis disease and of the impact of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs on tuberculosis transmission dynamics. METHODS:Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were collected from patients with tuberculosis who resided in a South African township with a high burden of tuberculosis and HIV infection. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from clinic records. Isolates underwent IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Patients with unique (nonclustered) M. tuberculosis genotypes and cluster index cases (ie, the first tuberculosis case in a cluster) were defined as having tuberculosis due to reactivation of latent M. tuberculosis infection. Secondary cases in clusters were defined as having tuberculosis due to recent M. tuberculosis infection. RESULTS: Overall, 311 M. tuberculosis genotypes were identified among 718 isolates from 710 patients; 224 (31%) isolates were unique strains, and 478 (67%) occurred in 87 clusters. Cluster index cases were significantly more likely than other tuberculosis cases to be HIV negative. HIV-positivepatients were more likely to be secondary cases (P = .001), including patients receiving ART (P = .004). Only 8% of cases of adult-adult transmission of tuberculosis occurred on shared residential plots. CONCLUSIONS: Recent infection accounted for the majority of tuberculosis cases, particularly among HIV-positivepatients, including patients receiving ART. HIV-negative patients may be disproportionally responsible for ongoing transmission.
Authors: S W Dooley; M E Villarino; M Lawrence; L Salinas; S Amil; J V Rullan; W R Jarvis; A B Bloch; G M Cauthen Journal: JAMA Date: 1992-05-20 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Judith R Glynn; Amelia C Crampin; Malcolm D Yates; Hamidou Traore; Frank D Mwaungulu; Bagrey M Ngwira; Richard Ndlovu; Francis Drobniewski; Paul E M Fine Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2005-06-23 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: C R Braden; G L Templeton; M D Cave; S Valway; I M Onorato; K G Castro; D Moers; Z Yang; W W Stead; J H Bates Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 1997-06 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: C L Daley; P M Small; G F Schecter; G K Schoolnik; R A McAdam; W R Jacobs; P C Hopewell Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 1992-01-23 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Yuri F van der Heijden; Fareed Abdullah; Bruno B Andrade; Jason R Andrews; Devasahayam J Christopher; Julio Croda; Heather Ewing; David W Haas; Mark Hatherill; C Robert Horsburgh; Vidya Mave; Helder I Nakaya; Valeria Rolla; Sudha Srinivasan; Retna Indah Sugiyono; Cesar Ugarte-Gil; Carol Hamilton Journal: Tuberculosis (Edinb) Date: 2018-10-01 Impact factor: 3.131
Authors: Sylvia M LaCourse; Lisa M Cranmer; Daniel Matemo; John Kinuthia; Barbra A Richardson; David J Horne; Grace John-Stewart Journal: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Date: 2017-05-01 Impact factor: 3.731
Authors: Jason R Andrews; Elisa Nemes; Michele Tameris; Bernard S Landry; Hassan Mahomed; J Bruce McClain; Helen A Fletcher; Willem A Hanekom; Robin Wood; Helen McShane; Thomas J Scriba; Mark Hatherill Journal: Lancet Respir Med Date: 2017-02-16 Impact factor: 30.700
Authors: Patrick G T Cudahy; Jason R Andrews; Alyssa Bilinski; David W Dowdy; Barun Mathema; Nicolas A Menzies; Joshua A Salomon; Sourya Shrestha; Ted Cohen Journal: Lancet Infect Dis Date: 2018-12-13 Impact factor: 25.071
Authors: Kristin N Nelson; N Sarita Shah; Barun Mathema; Nazir Ismail; James C M Brust; Tyler S Brown; Sara C Auld; Shaheed Vally Omar; Natashia Morris; Angie Campbell; Salim Allana; Pravi Moodley; Koleka Mlisana; Neel R Gandhi Journal: J Infect Dis Date: 2018-11-05 Impact factor: 5.226
Authors: Sara C Auld; N Sarita Shah; Barun Mathema; Tyler S Brown; Nazir Ismail; Shaheed Vally Omar; James C M Brust; Kristin N Nelson; Salim Allana; Angela Campbell; Koleka Mlisana; Pravi Moodley; Neel R Gandhi Journal: Eur Respir J Date: 2018-10-18 Impact factor: 16.671
Authors: Leonardo Martinez; Ye Shen; Ezekiel Mupere; Allan Kizza; Philip C Hill; Christopher C Whalen Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2017-06-15 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Julian S Peters; Jason R Andrews; Mark Hatherill; Sabine Hermans; Leonardo Martinez; Erwin Schurr; Yuri van der Heijden; Robin Wood; Roxana Rustomjee; Bavesh D Kana Journal: Lancet Infect Dis Date: 2018-12-13 Impact factor: 25.071
Authors: Palwasha Y Khan; Tom A Yates; Muhammad Osman; Robin M Warren; Yuri van der Heijden; Nesri Padayatchi; Edward A Nardell; David Moore; Barun Mathema; Neel Gandhi; Vegard Eldholm; Keertan Dheda; Anneke C Hesseling; Valerie Mizrahi; Roxana Rustomjee; Alexander Pym Journal: Lancet Infect Dis Date: 2018-12-13 Impact factor: 25.071
Authors: Flávia Patussi Correia Sacchi; Mariana Bento Tatara; Camila Camioli de Lima; Liliane Ferreia da Silva; Eunice Atsuko Cunha; Vera Simonsen; Lucilaine Ferrazoli; Harrison Magdinier Gomes; Sidra Ezidio Gonçalves Vasconcellos; Philip Noel Suffys; Jason R Andrews; Julio Croda Journal: Am J Trop Med Hyg Date: 2017-11-30 Impact factor: 2.345