Whole-cell patch-clamp analysis of recombinant NMDA receptor pharmacology using brief glutamate applications.

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that are essential for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Dysfunction of NMDARs has been implicated in many nervous system disorders; therefore, pharmacological modulation of NMDAR activity has great therapeutic potential. However, given the broad physiological importance of NMDARs, modulating their activity often has detrimental side effects precluding pharmaceutical use of many NMDAR modulators. One approach to possibly improve the therapeutic potential of NMDAR modulators is to identify compounds that modulate subsets of NMDARs. An obvious target for modulating NMDAR subsets is the many NMDAR subtypes produced through different combinations of NMDAR subunits. With seven identified genes that encode NMDAR subunits, there are many neuronal NMDAR subtypes with distinct properties and potentially differential pharmacological sensitivities. Study of NMDAR subtype-specific pharmacology is complicated in neurons, however, because most neurons express at least three NMDAR subtypes. Thus, use of an approach that permits study in isolation of a single receptor subtype is preferred. Additionally, the effects of drugs on agonist-activated responses typically depend on duration of agonist exposure. To evaluate drug effects on synaptic transmission, an approach should be used that allows for activation of receptor responses as brief as those observed during synaptic transmission, both in the absence and presence of drug. To address these issues, we designed a fast perfusion system capable of (1) delivering brief (~5 ms) and consistent applications of glutamate to recombinant NMDARs of known subunit composition, and (2) easily and quickly (~5 s) changing between glutamate applications in the absence and presence of drug.