Jeroen C W Siero1,2, Jeroen Hendrikse1, Hans Hoogduin1, Natalia Petridou1, Peter Luijten1, Manus J Donahue3,4,5,6,7. 1. Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 2. Rudolf Magnus Institute, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. 3. Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 4. Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 5. Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 6. Neurology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 7. Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Owing to variability in vascular dynamics across cerebral cortex, blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) spatial and temporal characteristics should vary as a function of cortical-depth. Here, the positive response, initial dip (ID), and post-stimulus undershoot (PSU) of the BOLD response in human visual cortex are investigated as a function of cortical depth and stimulus duration at 7 Tesla (T). METHODS: Gradient-echo echo-planar-imaging BOLD fMRI with high spatial and temporal resolution was performed in 7 healthy volunteers and measurements of the ID, PSU, and positive BOLD response were made as a function of cortical depth and stimulus duration (0.5-8 s). Exploratory analyses were applied to understand whether functional mapping could be achieved using the ID, rather than positive, BOLD signal characteristics RESULTS: The ID was largest in outer cortical layers, consistent with previously reported upstream propagation of vasodilation along the diving arterioles in animals. The positive BOLD signal and PSU showed different relationships across the cortical depth with respect to stimulus duration. CONCLUSION: The ID and PSU were measured in humans at 7T and exhibited similar trends to those recently reported in animals. Furthermore, while evidence is provided for the ID being a potentially useful feature for better understanding BOLD signal dynamics, such as laminar neurovascular coupling, functional mapping based on the ID is extremely difficult.
PURPOSE: Owing to variability in vascular dynamics across cerebral cortex, blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) spatial and temporal characteristics should vary as a function of cortical-depth. Here, the positive response, initial dip (ID), and post-stimulus undershoot (PSU) of the BOLD response in human visual cortex are investigated as a function of cortical depth and stimulus duration at 7 Tesla (T). METHODS: Gradient-echo echo-planar-imaging BOLD fMRI with high spatial and temporal resolution was performed in 7 healthy volunteers and measurements of the ID, PSU, and positive BOLD response were made as a function of cortical depth and stimulus duration (0.5-8 s). Exploratory analyses were applied to understand whether functional mapping could be achieved using the ID, rather than positive, BOLD signal characteristics RESULTS: The ID was largest in outer cortical layers, consistent with previously reported upstream propagation of vasodilation along the diving arterioles in animals. The positive BOLD signal and PSU showed different relationships across the cortical depth with respect to stimulus duration. CONCLUSION: The ID and PSU were measured in humans at 7T and exhibited similar trends to those recently reported in animals. Furthermore, while evidence is provided for the ID being a potentially useful feature for better understanding BOLD signal dynamics, such as laminar neurovascular coupling, functional mapping based on the ID is extremely difficult.
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